Assignment on Citycell Essay Example

Assignment on Citycell Essay Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited | | | |Type |Limited | |Founded |1989 | |Headquarters |8th Floor Pacific Center, 14, Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka, | | |Bangladesh | |Area  served |61 districts and 470 thanas | |Key  people |Chye Hoon Pin (CEO) | |Industry |Telecommunication | |Products |Telephony, CDMA | |Parent |Singtel 45%, Pacific Motors Limited 31. 43%, Far East | | |Telecom Limited 23. 57% | |Website |www. citycell. com | About Citycell: Citycell (Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited) is the first mobile communications company of Bangladesh. It is the only CDMA network operator in the country. As of 31st March, 2007, Citycells total mobile subscriber base is 1. 2 million, up 137 per cent or 680,000 from a year ago, giving it the best growth rate of the company till date. Citycell is currently owned by Singtel, Pacific Group and Far East Telecom. By the end of 2007 CityCell had refurbished its old brand identity and introduced a new logo and corporate identity; the new logo is very reminiscent of the old logo. However the slogan has remained unchanged because we care. As of March, 2008 Citycell has 1. 56 million subscribers [1]. [pic]History In 1989 Bangladesh Telecom Limited (BTL) was awarded a license to operate cellular, paging, and other wireless communication networks. Then in 1990 We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment on Citycell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment on Citycell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment on Citycell specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hutchison Bangladesh Telecom Limited (HBTL) was incorporated in Bangladesh as a joint venture between BTL and Hutchison Telecommunications (Bangladesh) Limited. HBTL began commercial operation in Dhaka using the AMPS mobile technology in 1993 and became the 1st cellular operator in South Asia[2]. Later that year Pacific Motors bought 50% of BTL. By 1996 HBTL was renamed as Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited (PBTL) and launched the brand name Citycell Digital to market its cellular products. Board of Directors: ? Chief Executive Officet-Michael Seymour ? Head of Marketing-De Anand Rajasingham ? Chief Customer Care officer-Md. Tarikul Hassan ? Chief Technology Officer- Choo Pul Hong ? Human Ressources Director-M. Zulfquar Hussain Director-Financial Control Company Secretary-Md. Tipu Sultan ? Deputy Chief Techonology-Mahfuzzur Rahman ? Head-Operations Support-Kym goldswarthy Products Offered Citycell offers prepaid, postpaid and fixed phone plans. Since Citycell operates in CDMA, RIMs are usually sold with a phone mostly cheap Chinese sets produced by ZTE, Huawei, Samsung, Motorola and Alcatel. Citycell currently has the cheapest phone+connection tariff at 1399 taka. Prepaid The current only prepaid plan is branded as Citycell One. Under this package Citycell customer can call to other Citycell users for only 25 paisa and other operators for only Tk1. 00 from 12am to 6 pm and 1. 75 Tk from 6 pm to 12. 0 am. Citycell started offering prepaid plans from 2003. It was the first to offer a prepaid plan with BTTB connectivity in the same year. During 2005-6, the company made great strides in its prepaid product offering. In 2005, it launched the Aalap Call Me plan- the first phone plan with negative tariff in the country. In this plan customers get credit added to their balance when they receive calls from other Citycell subscribers. In the same year, Citycell launched Aalap Super plan. Subscribers of this plan could make free calls to other Citycell subcribers during late night hours. This espoused numerous copycat products from its competitors. Later that year the national telecoms regulator ordered all phone companies to cease offering free call facility. In 2006, Citycell launched Hello 0123 plan. The name 0123 signified tariff of Tk 0 for calls to one Citycell number of the subcribers choice, Tk 1 for calls to two other Citycell numbers, Tk 3 for calls to all other Citycell numbers and Tk 4 for calls to all other networks. This plan was followed up with a string of other spinoff plans that continue into 2007. Postpaid The postpaid plan is branded as Citycell One. Citycell One-Zoom (High-speed wireless internet, wherever you go) Description: ? Dimensions: 88. 4mm (D)  x  54mm (W)  x  5mm (H) ? Weight: Approx. 38g ? Power consumption:

MTBE and the environment essays

MTBE and the environment essays In 1990, the federal Clean Air Act was passed to improve air quality in the United States. President Bush's proposed amendments to the Clean Air Act initially would have led to the introduction of alternative, non-petroleum fuels. The petroleum and oxygenate industries responded by offering a reformulated gasoline program as a substitute for most of the alternate fuel proposals. As a result, the amendments to the federal Clean Air Act adopted in 1990 required steps to achieve lower vehicle emissions, including programs to oxygenate and reformulate gasoline. Oxygenated gasoline is designed to increase the combustion efficiency of gasoline, thereby reducing carbon monoxide emissions. Since January 1995, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require areas that have the most severe ozone pollution to use reformulated gasoline containing fuel oxygenates to improve air quality. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether is one of the most commonly used fuel oxygenates because it is produced in very large amounts from isobutylene, a waste product in the refining process. MTBE can be easily produced at the refinery, at a low cost, and can be transferred through existing pipelines once it has been blended with gasoline. In contrast to other gasoline additives used in the past, MTBE is a member of a class of chemical compounds, ethers, whose unique properties are enhanced solubility in water and chemical attraction to water molecules. These properties, along with widespread use of MTBE, have resulted in frequent detection of MTBE in samples of shallow groundwater from urban areas throughout the United States. MTBE moves quickly to shallow groundwater because it is not attached to soil particles, and is chemically attracted to water molecules. MTBE the potential to impact regional groundwater sources and may present a cumulative contamination hazard due to its mobility and apparent recalcitrance. The United States Geological Survey, in a paper p...

Overview of Bhopal Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Overview of Bhopal Disaster - Essay Example The number of deaths and injured people however did not stop during the release of MIC in the atmosphere but continued to kill Bhopal residents for months that followed that the Indian government reported to its Parliament that the tragedy has taken 1,430 lives in just four months. By 1991, the number of people in Bhopal who died from the tragedy reached more than 3,800 and the number of people who contracted disability reached approximately 11,000 (Jackson 1983). Later investigation showed that the disaster was caused by a disgruntled plant employee who poured water into a batch of batch of methyl isocyanate in a storage tank. The water caused chemical reaction to the effect that it created heat and pressure in the tank. These chemical reaction in tank forced the valve to open that forced the chemical to be released into the atmosphere where the chemical compound was transformed into a lethal gas that killed the nearby Bhopal residents (Union Carbide a 2013). This report was both confirmed by Union Carbide’s panel of experts as well as the Indian government. After the incident, the company who owned the plant, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) sought permission from the government to clean up the area and this clean up drive extended until 1998. In this year (1998) UCIL was taken over by the Madhya Pradesh State Government, which owns and had been leasing the property to Eveready assumed responsibility of the facility and shouldered all accountability for the site (Bhopal.com c). After the disaster, UCIL provided around $2 to the Prime Minister’s Relief Fund to help aid in the easing the tragedy and also brought in its own panel of experts and medical experts along with the medical equipment and supplies. The company also donated $5 million to the Indian Red Cross as a supplement to the initial donation. The company also shared its available information and study about methylisocyanate (MIC) with the Government of India to effectively respond to the ill effect of the chemical (Bhopal.com b).

International relation-What is anarchy in IR What causes war Essay

International relation-What is anarchy in IR What causes war - Essay Example Because of this, not only are there different views that explain causes of war, but the same has also given rise to views on international conflict, with many foreign policymakers and political scientists viewing war as a continuation of politics, and others, as a culmination of a debilitated international systems. The causes are to be discussed in the discourse that extends forthwith. According to Kenneth Waltz, one of the principal causes of war is human nature. This aspect of human nature as a cause of war is inclusive of personal characteristics such as personality, activities, opinions and choices which may shape the course of international relations, or eve exacerbate an already antagonistic inter-state relation into a combative outbreak. In this case, such an individual will usually be a political leader, a major actor within an international system, or a decision maker. Just as Waltz posits, leaders who fall within this rubric are likely to take on characteristics that are aggressive, likely to harbour misperceptions that exist among leaders [on matters that are important in the international system] and amiable to the characteristics and aspirations of the public masses. In this light, using this theory means that the causes of war have been placed onto one or several individuals who are involved in a conflict. History seems to lend credence to the school of thought immediately above and that of Waltz. This is especially the case when one considers World War II whose cause was anteceded by Adolf Hitler’s expansionist ideals. It is a fact that on 31 January, 1933, then German Chancellor Adolf Hitler made it known that if Germany was to be made strong, he would have to ready herself for war. Consequently, in 1933, Hitler began to secretly rearm Germany and made this effort public in 1935. Since the rearmament was against the Treaty of Versailles, Germany broke ranks with the United Kingdom, Russia and France- powerful states which felt

Environmental Science Phase 4 Individual Project Essay

Environmental Science Phase 4 Individual Project - Essay Example The disadvantages with the batteries of electric cars, however, include their range, long recharging process and huge dimensions. The short distance travel, normally about 100 miles maximum, makes it impossible for electric cars to be tested in long travels due to the minimum of 5 hours recharging (Lee, 2007). There are various kinds of fuel cells, but the one best applicable for automobiles is pertained to as the (PEM) fuel cell. Some of its primary aspects are its capacity to ignite the engine immediately and to function at the worst conditions, which is very beneficial due to the fact that it does not consume much energy in order to function. However, the efficiency of fuel-cell-powered vehicles is hindered by the level of fuel in its tank (Sterrett, 1994). Most fuel cells for cars are also complicated and weigh heavily: a tremendous disadvantage for automobiles. The most recommended alternative fuel for cars that does not cause pollution is the hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen fuel possesses tremendous potential as a fuel source for the next hybrid of automobiles. They do not possess limitations like what normal car batteries have. Hydrogen is burned by a chemical process that does not cause pollution. Hydrogen fuel basically integrates hydrogen and oxygen in the chemical process that equates into electric power and water as end products. Add the fact that hydrogen is the present in every surface of the Earth. Because of these excellent qualities, hydrogen has normally been pertained to as the best fuel source available on Earth. Its primary reserve in this planet is water which is also abundant everywhere (Poole, 1992). The utilization of hydrogen as a fuel source for cars perfectly coexists with the environment, and not harmful. It is very impossible for Earth not have supplies of hydrogen. Hydrogen fuel is the recommended

A Study Of Leonardo Da Vinci

A Study Of Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vincis diligent research, scientific concepts, and numerous inventions prove to be crucial parts of the modern world. He has shown that with hard work and patience, anything can be achieved. Leonardo excelled in anatomy, physics, engineering, and the arts. Leonardo Da Vinci followed the philosophy that the truth would lead him, as opposed to himself leading the truth, meaning that he would not lie about the truth to become famous. With this thought, Leonardo pursued a never-ending adventure to seek truth. To seek the truth, Leonardo went into anatomy, which was one of his strong points. Some say that Da Vinci is the father of anatomy and that his discoveries of the human body greatly affected the world, during the Renaissance and in present day. With his skills in drawing, Leonardo chose to sketch his discoveries, in anatomy, rather than writing about them like most other scientists in the 1500s. He thought that it was more efficient and was more easily explained. As they say, a picture is worth a thousand words. Leonardo Da Vinci greatly increased the knowledge society has acquired over the years through countless dissections of the human body. His fascination for the human body led him to many great discoveries. It had been thought by the many Renaissance scientists that the male was more crucial than the female, but Da Vinci thought differently. Leonardo was credited as the first to dissect a womans body; he found that the female body was much more complex than that of the male body. He then concluded that the female played the more important role in reproduction than the counterpart male. Because of his ambition, he went farther than dissecting a female, and was credited as the first to dissect a fetus. Through dissection, Leonardo understood the human body better than most other doctors and scientists of his time. Through his dissections, Leonardo discovered that major arteries had become clogged with substances in dead human bodies. Leonardo concluded that depending on what foods individuals ate, the substance was more likely to build up in the major arteries. This means that Leonardo Da Vinci discovered heart disease and could have saved millions of lives, but because he never published any of his discoveries and research, it was not taken seriously. One of the motives of his anatomical career was to hopefully find the location of the soul within the human body. Along with finding the soul, he drove to find the Golden Ratio which is a mathematical equation, dealing with the size and proportions of the body, which was thought to be common between all human beings. In the 1500s, dissection of the dead broke many religious rules and was frowned upon by society. It was also a very risky activity because it was not sanitary. Because of the Black Plague, any job dealing with dead corpses was dangerous to the workers, but this did not stop Leonardo. Leonardo would let nothing stand in his way to gain knowledge. Sadly in 1514, five years before he passed away, Leonardo was sent to the Vatican in Rome to be examined by the Pope and the cardinal staff. Every note he had taken in his pursuit of anatomical success was brought along and also examined. Leonardo was unofficially being charged with multiple counts of necromancy and witchcraft. Because Leonardo was such a crucial member to society, the Pope, Leo X, ordered Leonardo to cease his anatomical research. Although Leonardos career of anatomy ended, his notes and drawings of his anatomical research were passed along and are still used today. Although Leonardo never published any of his work, there is a large amount of evidence that he discovered everything he was credited for. If not for his extensive journaling and note taking, there would be almost no evidence of Leonardo Da Vincis success. By writing down all of his thoughts and studies, he compiled multiple notebooks and journals. Some journals consisted of 13,000 pages. Almost everything he ever thought was recorded in those notes. Those thoughts range from babies to helicopters, and everything in-between. When Leonardo Da Vinci fled to Venice because of the invading French, he was employed as the head Military Engineer. In Venice, he made multiple inventions to protect the city walls and to scale the city walls. Along with war machines, like the military tank that he invented, Leonardo also invented an assortment of musical instruments, a steam powered cannon, finned mortar shells to increase accuracy, and crank mechanisms. Leonardo Da Vinci was fascinated by the flight of birds and tried to recreate flight. Leonardo tried to recreate flight by using man-powered flying contraptions, gliders, and helicopters. In most of his inventions, Leonardo used pulleys, gears, and springs to accomplish the impossible. To power many of his inventions, Leonardo used the water wheel in flowing water. Leonardo not only made inventions for flight but also inventions to accomplish tasks in the water. Da Vinci invented the life preserver, an unsinkable ship, at the time, with two hulls, ways to sink ship s from underwater, shoes to walk on water, and a device to breathe underwater. In 1478, Leonardo and his master Verrocchio jointly painted the Baptism of Christ. This painting is known worldwide for its beauty, lifelike figures, and stunning background. In the 1480s, Da Vinci started three paintings, but only finished one. Leonardo Da Vinci entered a depression in the 1480s which caused him to not finish the two other paintings. In 1498, Leonardo finished The Last Supper which depicted Jesus Christ and His disciples having His last meal before being crucified by Pontius Pilate. The Last Supper was and still is an incredibly famous painting, but because Leonardo used his own mix of paint, instead of the normal fresco paint, the painting quickly deteriorated but is still visible. Along with The Last Supper, in 1507 Leonardo finished Mona Lisa, which is another world famous painting. Because he used the fresco paint, the painting is still well preserved. Without Leonardo Da Vinci, the modern world would be much changed. Through his extensive research and studies, Leonardo has provided modern day with new medical studies based off of his. Leonardos well written and drawn notes and journals are still being analyzed and being applied to modern medicine, while his beautiful paintings provide an insight into the culture of the Renaissance time period. In all, Leonardo Da Vinci has proven himself, time and again, that he is a genius.

AI vs Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Movie: Artificial Intelligence Synopsis: In the not-so-far future the polar ice caps have melted and the resulting rise of ocean waters has drowned all the coastal cities of the world. Withdrawn to the interior of the continents, the human race keeps advancing, reaching to the point of creating realistic robots-called mechas-to serve them. An ambitious Professor succeeds in building David, an artificial kid, the first of its kind programmed to provide endless love for its adopter. David is adopted by Monica as a substitute for her real son, but an unfortunate sequence of events leads Monica to abandon David. Believing that Monica will love him only if he becomes a real boy, David sets off to find the Blue Fairy (from the fairy tale Pinocchio), whom he earnestly believes is the only one with the power to grant him his wish. Explanation: Artificial Intelligence is very similar to Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein in that the underlying themes, questions asked, and moral issues raised are the same. The main idea being appropriated is that of creating life, although not ‘life’ in its usual context referring to living organisms. The ‘life’ created (or rather built) in AI is in fact a mere imitation of life, a mechanical substitute human boy†¦artificial intelligence. In AI, the creation is David, and he bears immediate similarities to the Frankenstein monster. In the book, the monster was to be Frankenstein’s ‘perfect’ human, a soul who knew nothing but love. Ironically, David was programmed to provide unconditional love and also served the purpose of being the perfect replacement of a ‘human’ boy. The desire to aid mankind through scientific and technological advancement is shared by both creators in their respective texts. In the film however, the Frankenstein equivalent is indirectly achieved by another character after David’s initial creation. The Frankenstein role is in fact fulfilled by Monica, David’s adopter (‘mother’), who activates David by ‘imprinting’ him to her. Although for different reasons, both ‘parents’ (mother/father figures) hastily rush the ‘activation’ process without closely assessing the risks and responsibilities of their doings or even realizing the wishes of their creations. Both creators end up abandoning their creations, leaving them alone, friendless in societies where they are both hunted. A woman talking to the Professor in the first scene of the film asks directly: â€Å"if a robot child loves his mother, is she expected to love him back?†-â€Å"Can a robot be loved?† The film maintains the same stance as Mary Shelley’s book by arguing that society is in fact to blame for the mistreatment of David.

Marketing Strategies Essay

Marketing strategies are not effective and they are just a fad for different organizations. Agree/Disagree Sultan Lashari In statement Marketing strategies are not effective and they are just a fad does not fit in the parameters of agreeable statement; it forces us to consider the health of the statement in terms of profit impact of marketing strategy. Marketing strategy many have its share of setbacks in the marketing moves if that is given the status â€Å"not being effective†. It does not mean holding back growth. Companies often desire a balanced product portfolio. [ (Kotler) ] To treat marketing strategy as just a fad is on the wrong basis, because the strategy changes in terms of several key strategic factors that can be explored to make changes of the situation. The term fad is a product life cycle type and a fad curve represents quick popularity and a sudden decline and extended fad except that residual sales at a fraction of earlier sales after the initial success . A sophisticated marketing planner must be able to ask the right questions and planning strategy must relate to the problem of building right kind of approach which is nothing but a path way to achieve the desired end in competitive market environment. [ (Forsyth) ] In order that marketing strategy is shaped to win-win situation that is to be termed effective, it must see that marketing strategy is devise around the stage, a particular product is in the product life cycle which has a typical pattern from traditional, boom or classic, fad, extended fad, seasonal or fashion, revival or nostalgia and bust. In fad time, sales look like: FAD Sales Time In devising marketing strategy, we must keep in mind that it can only be considered effective if we do not disregard the basic fact that product promotion has a direct bearing to the stage a product is at in the product life cycle. Formulating and implementing marketing strategy is a distinct decision-making focus. Planning and executing the marketing strategy involves many inter-related decisions such as: what to do, when to do it, and how it should be done. [ (Forsyth) ] This is got to be based on the nature of the organization and its product portfolio. The reason for calling marketing strategies ineffective or different organizations could be attributed to something for saying sake. As a matter of fact, marketing strategies involve various market situations and one need to make decisions intelligently. The process of formulating and implementing marketing strategies involves corporate objectives and strategy. [ (Forsyth) ] The marketing is the game of variable and by placing heavier accent on one or more of the marketing variables that is product, price, promotion and distribution, the winning platform can be labeled. The entire marketing concept leaves much to imagination in developing correct mix [ (Kotler) ]. In a nutshell, devising marketing strategies necessitates due diligence on the stage, the product is in the product life cycle because you have to understand market opportunities in or business level objective, for new market entries, for growth markets an or mature and declining markets. This enables the marketers for correct target marketing and product positioning. [ (Kotler) ] Works Cited Forsyth, P. Every thing you need to know. Kotler, P. Management skills in marketing.

Summary of the Movie Gladiator essays

Summary of the Movie Gladiator essays The movie that I chose to do my movie critique on was Gladiator. It was an enjoyable movie to watch. The director Ridley Scott directs a film by David Franzoni, to depict exactly what it was to be a gladiator and the adventure that they went through. From the infamous fights that took place in the Roman Coluseum, to the dramatic feeling that overcame Maximus (Russell Crowe) as his family was killed through the treacherous actions of his rival Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix). The movie Gladiator begins with the battle with Romanian Army under the leadership of Emperor Marcus Aurelius against the Barbarian Tribe of Germania. This scene showed many striking points. For instance take the scene and where it takes place. In many scenes of the movie the armies are dressed in traditional armor. The armor that they wore contained great detail. The roaring sounds from the crowd of soldiers being excited because they are so eager to go into battle to fight helps the viewer feel the excitement that is taking place in the movie. The music helps the viewer get feel like they are standing in the middle of the battle while it was taking place. The director used many sound effects that helped bring the movie to life, such as the clinking of the swords during the fight and the sound of arrows flying through the air. As the plot continues the Romanians win the battle and return home all the while Emperor Marcus Aurelius becomes ill and is on his last days. Knowing this he privately tells Maximus that he will be the next emperor in the event of his death. Before the announcement was made Marcus Aurelius was killed by his own son to prevent Maximus from being the next emperor. During this scene you can see that the lighting played a significant role because there were no electricity back then and lanterns and candles were the source of lighting. The lighting from the candles it shows just the faces of Marcus Aurelius ad Maximus as they discuss Maximus ta...

Movements that had an impact on colonial Americas dev. essays

Movements that had an impact on colonial America's dev. essays There were several movements that had an impact on colonial America. Some of these movements were the Mayflower Compact, mercantilism, the enslavement of Africans, and the first Great Awakening. Each of these movements had a great impact on the development of colonial America, and helped to create what America is today. The Mayflower Compact was a document signed by 41 male passengers on the Mayflower before landing at Plymouth. Concerned that some members might leave to form their own colonies, William Bradford and others drafted the compact to bind the group into a political body and pledge members to abide by any laws that would be established. The document adapted a church covenant to a civil situation and was the basis of the colonys government. The settlers elected a governor and at first made all decisions for the colony at town meetings. Before the Mayflower Compact was drafted, the Pilgrims suffered problems with disease, neighboring Indians, and an unfamiliar climate. Under the leadership of William Bradford and William Brewster, the colony slowly recovered from the losses of the first year and by 1630 had a population of about 400 people. Within a few years, the colony had reached, and passed, 1,000 inhabitants. This compact was the first attempt at self-governing by the colonists. They were not ordered by the King to create this; they did it of their own accord in order to survive. This compact served as an example for other colonies, and they soon created their own governments as well. This trend of self-governing led to a greater independence of the colonies from the motherland, and it ultimately led to the American Revolution. Mercantilism also had a great impact on colonial America. England, France, Holland, and Spain all restricted their colonies foreign trade. Subsidies and other assistance was employed to encourage the colonies to produce raw materials, while their right to pro...

FOCUS STORE BUSINESS PAPER URBAN OUTFITTERS Essay

FOCUS STORE BUSINESS PAPER URBAN OUTFITTERS - Essay Example Of those interviewed, 5 customers had not been offered any assistance by the store employees. However, since 10 of them had been asked if they needed help, it is clear that more than half of the customers had communications with the store. There are 2 employees and 1 manager who took the survey. Of them, 2 said they often ask the customers about what they want to buy. The manager however said that she never asks the customers what they need to buy. The main reason for asking this question during the survey was to find out how often the store communicates with its customers in order to make the customer’s experience at the store a better one. When I walked in to the store, several employees were informing the customers coming in that there was a sales promotion offer going on. Customers were happy to hear that and seemed eager to take advantage of the sale. Overall, this store is doing fine in communication. Several customers mentioned the location of the store is ideal and convenient, great or excellent in the survey. The particular Urban Outfitters I choose is located at centre Grand River Avenue. It is very near the school, and near to many clothes shops, bookstores and restaurants. The Urban Outfitters store is so well located that the customers find it convenient to arrive at the store. There is a bus stop in just near the store. The location is a good choice to set the shop at this area. There is a large choice of goods in the store. Most of them have plenty inventories. The clothing there are based on seasons in order to make sure that the customers can always get what they need and wish when they want it. This ability to meet the customer’s needs as they shift is an important one, especially for a focus store such as Urban Outfitters. Therefore, this is summer now. They changed all clothes to fit the season like dresses, t-shirts, shorts, flip-flops, etc. I have shopped at

Finality of arbitral awards under Islamic or sharia law Dissertation

Finality of arbitral awards under Islamic or sharia law - Dissertation Example Islamic countries ‘too often have impermissibly interfered with international arbitration cases.’4 Many different cultural, political, and geographical factors have constituted the foundation of the Islamic legal system, and pure knowledge of the law does not suffice to understand the Islamic jurisdictional system.5 While international arbitration as a contemporary legal system is relatively new to Arab nations, arbitration per se in the Islamic world dates back to 622 A.D. ... Jarrar8 called the finality of arbitration as arbitrary, and the principle that the results of arbitration are binding and final is a myth. This is not to say, however, that the teachings of Sharia are directly contradictory to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. It is actually to the greater interest of Islamic countries which issue Sukuk bonds to streamline arbitration proceedings to reduce the perceived risks investors assume when investing in these Sharia-based financial instruments. Arbitration is invaluable for the average investor to pursue claims in any dispute, including Islamic finance, because arbitration is usually less costly and therefore favourable to individual investors. Added to these is the absence of uniformity among remedies and the complexities of navigating conflicts of law issues makes litigation an unfavourable means of obtaining relief. Therefore, it is to the advantage of Islamic financial institutions, in particular, and Islamic business in general to enhance systematic procedures that affirm and enforce arbitral awards, both domestic and international. 1.2 Conventions influencing the enforcement of arbitral awards in Islamic member states As of January 1, 2009, 143 out of a total of 192 member States have adopted the New York Convention of 1958, among whom are all the major players in the Sukuk bonds market, namely Malaysia (1985), Bahrain (1988), Qatar (2003) and the UAE (2006). This is because Sukuk issuances have come to be accepted globally, and its compliance with arbitration is most useful in the resolution of international disputes arising out of the terms of the Sukuk contracts. Increasingly, the Gulf States have over the years acceded to the Convention, including Kuwait