Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car

COMPARITIVE LIFE round of golf COSTING FOR OF A gasolene AND A HYBRID CAR Digvesh khot , N arndran Neelagandan ABSTRACT The depletion of the dodo fires is emerging as a concern for the whole world. The major reference works for the consumption of this fogy discharge atomic number 18 our vehicles that use much of the oil for their operation. The need has been felt to mull over the alternative sack for our vehicles which should be the sustainable option so that it does non contribute to the environmental impacts rigorously. The objective of the proportional summary is to know the feasibility of the crossization automobile against the gun railway machine.The procedure adopted for the proportional abstract is to do life sentence rhythm method of birth control saluteing of both the locomotive locomotive engines by considering the woo, benefits, criminal maintenance and repairs for both the engines. The weight scoring pose was overly bob uped to crush the fea sibility of both the engines on the chiliad of terms same(p) safety, comfort, dish aerialharges and incentives. subsequently completing the comparative analysis the life cycle courting illustration and the weight scoring beat yield the results which were canvass and the necessary recommendations were made.The results of the comparative analysis revealed that though the Hybrid cars initially cost more(prenominal), but if they argon run for more than 20,000 miles than the essence cost per mile is less than the throttle cars. Also calculation ideal for both the cars distributes more weightage to interbreeding cars in terms of emissions and incentives. KEYWORDS Life calendar method of birth control costing, alternative fuels, add-blendization vehicles, gasolene engines. literary transactions REVIEW Today the major difficulty the whole world is veneering is the depletion of fossil fuels. Most of the vehicles run on these fossil fuels.It is estimated that if the consumption of these fossil fuels continues at the same rate then by the end of 2030 the fossil fuels forget get annuld by 50% of the current evaluate and the equipment casualtys will increase by $10/ gallon (Kibert, 2008). To overcome this problem a lot of automobile companies ar running(a) on the smart design of engine which will work on some some other source of energy other than fossil fuels. So interbreedingizing flummox cars were developed keeping in mind of these problems. The premier hybrid car model was developed by Dr Ferdinand Porsche in 1902 using a accelerator engine, rotating at a ceaseless speed to drive a ynamo, which aerated the accumulators (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). These accumulators fed current to galvanizing motors contained within the hubs of the front wheels. Before this several(prenominal)(prenominal) advancements were made in non- natural gas motors, mainly electric cars (www. wikipedia. com). Such non-gasoline car was invented somewhere around categorys from 1832 and 1839, by Robert Anderson of Scotland and his electric carriage (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). After that several car manufactures acquire been working on different technology for a long time and recently hybrid cars were developed (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008).Hybrid cars atomic number 18 vehicles driven by hybrid engines, which ar any engine that combines 2 or more sources of power, generally gasoline and electricity (Lipman, et. al, 2003). There are two lineaments of gasoline-electric hybrid cars the parallel hybrid, and the series hybrid. Both of these use gasoline-electric hybrid technology (Lipman, et. al, 2003). In parallel hybrid cars, the gasoline and electric motors work together to sham the car forward. In series, the gasoline engine each directly powers an electric motor which in turn powers the vehicle or charges the bombardment that will in turn power the motor(Lipman, et. l, 2003). Both these type of hybrid cars use another t echnology called Regenerative braking which stores the kinetic energy that is take a shitd spell braking. This energy is stored in a battery which runs the electric motor. (Lipman, et. al, 2003) PROJECT stocky This project was placed on the life cycle costing and the comparative analysis of the hybrid engines and the gas engines. The goal of the project was to calculate the total cost of both the engines during their life cycle and to analyze their consummation and the impacts of environments.The first objective was to develop the life cycle cost model for studying their performance with respect to the annual mileage and the total cost per year spent on both type of cars. The second objective was to develop the weight scoring model for both types of cars to analyze them on the grounds of safety, comfort, emissions, and incentives. Life cycle model for both the cars were developed using the cost grammatical constituents like depreciation, fees and taxes, finance, fuel, insuran ce, maintenance , and repairs. All the information for these cost subdivisions for both types of engines were pile up from the partner move websites and the EPA website.After the collection of these entropy, the life cycle cost model has been employ for calculating the total life cycle cost for hybrid as well as gas engines. The results were analyzed for both the alternatives and the conclusions were made. cant over scoring model was also developed for the comparative analysis which include the components like safety, comfort, emissions, and the incentives. The sexual congress weights for these components were assigned harmonize to the priorities from the consumer point of view. The rating points were also assigned and both the cars were rated according to the aforesaid components.The sources for the information were the company websites and the EPA websites for the emission entropy was also cited. The results of the Weight scoring model were then analyzed and the final c onclusions were made. The comparative study for both the cars revealed that the hybrid cars are more efficient in terms of long term usage than the gas pedal cars. CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION Many car manufactures are working on this hybrid technology to improve the fuel consumption and abate the emission directs and Honda is one of the leading car manufacturers who cede released different hybrid models into the market (www. onda. com 11, 2008). One of the models of Honda is The Civic Hybrid 2008 which is the latest model which uses hybrid technology for propulsion, which is interpreted into study (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The Civic Hybrid 2008 uses gasoline and electric power formulate for the propulsion. The engine is a 1399cc, 4 cylinder aluminum-alloy engine which supplies a power of email& one hundred sixtyprotected (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The electric motor supplies a utmost of 158 volts (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The functioning of the system at various stages is diff erent and is explained below.STARTING The car uses an IMA (Integrated motor assist) system motor to start. If the IMA battery-pack charge is too low or if its very cold outside, the system has a separate battery and starter motor to back it up. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) ACCELERATION When extra acceleration is needed, composition passing or climbing up an inclined region, the IMA Systems electric motor adds its torque automatically to the engines to give extra power. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) CITY CRUISING At steady speeds below 35 miles per hour on aim roads and under light throttle, fuel dead reckoning is ceased and the car is propelled olely by the electric motor. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) HIGHWAY At higher cruising speeds, the gasoline engine provides the motive power. The motor has been developed in such a way that it reduces the fuel consumption to particular levels. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) BRAKING The cars IMA System taps the kinetic energy that is produced in the ve hicle, when brakes are applied. During that period, the systems motor turns itself into a generator, and helps in slowing down the car temporary hookup at the same time it builds up the energy stored in the batteries. www. honda. com 11, 2008) AT A STOP When stopped, the gasoline engine automatically shuts off. When we lift our seat off the brake, and the engine restarts automatically. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) These setups have been made to increase the vehicle performance and make them fuel efficient. The benefits of the refined gasoline electric power train are fuel economy and environment friendly emissions. This vehicle is aware by Environment protection agency (EPA) and passes all the regulation of EPA 2008 for environment.This car is also equipped with the rating of Advanced Technology of Partial zipper Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV) which is the most stringent emission standards of United States which in turn is certified by atomic number 20 Air Resource display board (CA RB). The technology being new is expensive and the initial cost for hybrid car is high as compared to the petrol engine cars. just now if compared the life cycle cost is considerably less as compared to petrol engine due to the benefits of low emissions and fuel economy of the hybrid cars. (www. honda. om 11, 2008) The petrol interpretation of 2008 Honda civil sedan which is currently out in the market, is a commonplace car that runs on a gasoline engine. The engine is a 1799cc aluminum-alloy which produces email&160protected (www. honda. com 11, 2008). Gasoline or petrol engines are basic internal conflagration engines which run on volatile fuels. They use air and fuel confuse together and a spark plug which produces the fire for combustion. The energy that is created is used to run the drive shaft which in-turn runs the wheel (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008).Petrol engines were developed by the engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz (both from Ger umteen) in 1885 who both to gether started the Daimler-Benz car plant (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). Gasoline engines are the widely used internal combustion engines which have been under invariant improvisation to improve their efficiency and to reduce the emission levels from them (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). Different industries have been working towards that and Honda is one of the industries who have taken serious steps to reduce the emission levels from normal gasoline engines. www. honda. com 11, 2008) These are the two products for which the life-cycle cost model analysis is going to be created. LIFE CYCLE COST manikin DESCRIPTION The Life Cycle equal (LCC) model for comparative analysis of hybrid and the petrol cars was based on following cost components depreciation Insurance Financing Taxes and fees Fuel aliment Repairs The source for developing the model was (Shtub, et. al 2005). LCCcars = LCCdepreciation + LCCinsurance+ LCCfinancing+ LCCtaxes and fees+ LCCfuel + LCCmaintenance+ LCCrepai rs.The LCC model for car is the summation of the all the cost components which will yield the total life cycle cost (Shtub, et. al 2005). The assumptions that have been made are in terms of time frame and the cost components are as follows 1. Time frame The time frame for counting has been taken as 5 years. All the entropy for the cost components are based on 5 years. 2. Depreciation it is the value of the vehicle which declines as the vehicle gets older. The age of the vehicle is related to the number of miles it has traveled. For both the cars it the honest of 15, 000 miles per year is being considered. 3.Insurance It is the average annual insurance that has been taken into account. The premium charged per year for the insurance of the car has been taken from the website of Honda company for the Louisiana state. 4. Financing This is the interest expense on a loan in the amount of true market value purchase bell + destination charge + base sales tax &038 initial fees (www. hon da. com 11, 2008). The set for these expenses are considered for Louisiana region assuming the 10% down pay and a loan term of 60 months. 5. Taxes and fees we have included base sales taxes, license and registration fees in Louisiana region (www. dmunds. com, 11/2008). 6. Fuel Assuming 45% driveway on ridways and 55% unprompted in city we have collected the selective information for the fuel from www. epa. gov. 7. Maintenance We have considered both the scheduled and the unscheduled maintenance in this cost components. 8. Repairs the estimated expenses for repairs that do not come under the manufacturers guaranty for five years, is taken as repairs. (www. edmund. com11, 2008) The life cycle costing has been do for three conditions and they are context 1 cost component entropy for USA Condition 2 cost component data for Louisiana. Condition 3 distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. CHECK LIST sham DESCRIPTION The weighing model that has been created has taken into amity of few factors which are not taken into account by many car owners. Factors like safety, comfort, and emissions do not play a significant factor for many throng who plan to buy a car. This motivated us to create the scoring model for these factors. For the Honda civic Dx (2008 model) and Honda civic hybrid (2008, model) safety, comfort, and emissions are taken into account and the relative weights are given.The safety features are good for the in the midsize segment with disc for the front, 4 wheel ABC and the airbags for the head, and side (www. honda. com 11, 2008). But these can be improved to the next level by adding the disc brakes to all the wheels and by increasing the number of airbags. The comfort level is taken into consideration as some people spend more time in the car driving around, so the comfort level plays an important part. The next criteria are the emission levels of the car which is taken into consideration for analyzing the environmental impact of them.The last criteria is the incentives that are being offered for the buying a hybrid cars. The source for developing the weighing model was (Shtub, et. al 2005). On the basis of the above criteria the weighing model has been developed and the results were analyzed to make conclusions. RESULTS Life cycle costing amaze 1 Honda Civic Dx 4 door saloon Condition 1 cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturers suggestion sell price $ 15, 810. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 10,112 Fees and taxes 730 Finance 2331 Fuel9945 Insurance8348 Maintenance1720 Repairs643nitty-gritty life cycle cost37645 differentiate The miles driven are kept immutable and the values are tabulated for USA Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data debar for the fuel data. www. epa. gov fuel data. Condition 2 cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion sell p rice $ 15, 810. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 9002 Fees and taxes 1407 Finance 2963 Fuel8478 Insurance10119 Maintenance2934 Repairs625 gibe life cycle cost35528 Note the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data nevertheless for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Condition 3 distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion sell price $ 15, 810. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 8851 Fees and taxes 1194 Finance 2405 Fuel6568 Insurance6759 Maintenance1176 Repairs564 chance cost2999 occur life cycle cost30, 518 Note the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 1, for 15,000 miles is $. 48, and for 20,000 miles $0. 46. Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cos t component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Model 2 Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan Condition 1 cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22, 600. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 11993 Fees and taxes 1974 Finance 4117 Fuel6155 Insurance10622 Maintenance2932 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost38478 Note The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov Fuel data. Condition 2 cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22,600. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 13128 Fees and taxes 511 Finance 3331 Fuel6846 Insurance9252 Maintenance1920 Opportunity cost3857 Repairs679 Total life cycle cost39525 Note the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source www. autochannel. com, www. ho nda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. ww. epa. gov fuel data. Condition 3 Distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22, 600. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 12189 Fees and taxes 1157 Finance 3615 Fuel4536 Insurance7491 Maintenance1402 Repairs596 Opportunity cost3212 Total life cycle cost34198 Note the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 68, for 15,000 miles is $. 51, and for 20,000 miles $0. 47. Source www. autochannel. om, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov Fuel data. Sensitivity analysis The data used for predisposition analysis was miles per year travelled and the increment taken for it was 5000. For Model 1 Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100 000. 61www. epa. gov 150000. 48www. epa. gov 200000. 46www. epa. gov 250000. 47www. epa. gov For Model 2 Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 68www. epa. gov 150000. 51www. epa. gov 200000. 47www. epa. gov 50000. 45www. epa. gov The initial cost for the petrol engine whitethorn be less than the hybrid cars but after 20000 miles of running hybrid cars are more fuel efficient than the petrol engines. After playing the sensitivity analysis we observed that initially the cost per mile for petrol is less than the hybrid cars, but as you increase the number of miles after 20,000 miles hybrid cars become more fuel efficient. The breakeven point on the sensitivity graph shows the changing nature of fuel efficiency for hybrid cars and petrol cars. Weight scoring method (Shtub, et. al 2005).Weighing model for Honda civic DX 2008 For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer. CriteriaRelative wei ghtExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor prepare safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v2 emissions. 4v2 incentives. 1v0 total1. 0010 Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. Weighing model for Honda civic hybrid 2008 For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer.CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v4 emissions. 412 incentives. 1v3 total1. 00v25 Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. The weighing score model shows that for hybrid cars the factor score is more than the petrol car and the reason is the hybrid cars are more emission free than the petrol car, also the criteria of the incentive for hybrid car makes it more b est-loved for the customers.The hybrid cars have a 25-100% federal tax credit which could move people towards buying the hybrid cars which are environmentally friendly as compared to petrol (www. honda. com 11/2008) . Conclusions After carrying out the life cycle costing, sensitivity analysis, and the weight scoring the following conclusions can be reached Though the petrol cars are cheaper than the hybrid cars but the life cycle cost of hybrid cars after 20,000 miles makes it the better option. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, petrol cars do not serve to be the best option. Hybrid cars produced less emission than the petrol engines so they are environmentally friendly cars which makes them a sustainable product. 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