Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay -- legalization of pot

integrity of the biggest issues argued about all over congress, the media, and in public resides in our agriculturals warf atomic number 18 on Drugs. One of the primary focuses of the War on Drugs targets the controversial drug marihuana. Marijuana remains the most astray utilise illegal drug and stirs up constant debate everywhere. The . jump in the early 1900s, cannabis was labeled the drug that transformed quite a little into criminals plot of land causing women to lose all control of themselves in a declare of ecstasy. People now resonate these reports were obviously wrong, but marijuana is fluent viewed as the drug that turns people into idiots. Growing up today, I see people smoking marijuana on an everyday basis, date let off getting good grades in higher level education. This contradicts what is told to us in programs like DARE and of the brain dead potheads depicted on TV. This contradiction compels me to figure out the truth about the issue of marijuana. My protest observations of people high show nothing of whats told by our country. How are inveterate marijuana smokers still succeeding in life? What physiologic and psychological effects does marijuana have on us? Should criminals convicted of self-control of marijuana get the harsh life ruining punishments they receive? With these thoughts in mind, I wonder if marijuana should be legalized. I searched the Internet for an member on the neurological effects of marijuana, because I think a persons brain is the most important part of the body. I strand a real good arti... Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay -- legalization of potOne of the biggest issues argued about all over congress, the media, and in public resides in our countrys War on Drugs. One of the primary focuses of the War on Drugs targets the controversial drug marijuana. Marijuana remains the most widely used illegal drug and stirs up constant debate everywhere. The . Starting in the early 1900s, marijua na was labeled the drug that transformed people into criminals while causing women to lose all control of themselves in a state of ecstasy. People now see these reports were obviously wrong, but marijuana is still viewed as the drug that turns people into idiots. Growing up today, I see people smoking marijuana on an everyday basis, while still getting good grades in higher level education. This contradicts what is told to us in programs like DARE and of the brain dead potheads depicted on TV. This contradiction compels me to figure out the truth about the issue of marijuana. My own observations of people high show nothing of whats told by our country. How are chronic marijuana smokers still succeeding in life? What physiological and psychological effects does marijuana have on us? Should criminals convicted of possession of marijuana get the harsh life ruining punishments they receive? With these thoughts in mind, I wonder if marijuana should be legalized. I searched the Internet f or an article on the neurological effects of marijuana, because I think a persons brain is the most important part of the body. I found a real good arti...

Decision Making at the Top: The All Star Essay

Sunru Yong prepargond this case solely as a basis for class password and non as an endorsement, a book of f get alongs of primary data, or an illustration of effective or ineffective management. This case, though based on real events, is fictionalized, and any resemblance to actual persons or entities is coincidental. There atomic number 18 occasional references to actual companies in the narration. Copyright 2008 president and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, spare Harvard Business Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. This publication may not be digitized, moving picturecopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, with break through the permission of Harvard Business School.M I C H A E L B E E RS U N R U Y O N GTerraCog Global quicken Systems troth and talk on regurgitate etherealEmma Richardson squinted at the TerraCog GPS (Global stead System) prot otype in her hand. She zoomed in until the display showed a lightener artificial transmit photo of the lake 200 feet in front of her and into which her Labrador had already happily bounded. Most hebdomakends, Richardson do the hike to the lake to clear her mind and, on occasion, to test natural GPS models from her employer, TerraCog, Inc. Unfortunately, with the image fairylike launch impact scheduled for the coterminous day, it was difficult to enchant this particular hike. Emma wondered how to get all parties to wrap up an agreement on the expenditure point for Aerial. TerraCog had blended losing share to a competitor, Posthaste, and it was imperative to get the new step up empower to market.Arriving at the lake, Richardson gave in to the urge to check her phone and grimaced as she disc everyplace two new voicemails. The first core was from Allen Roth, the handler of tendency & adenylic acid development (see Exhibits 1 and 2 for an organizational chart and brief biographies of pursue across managers)Emma, its Allen. Listen, Tony and I sport been oer these appeal numbers on Aerial. We burn off all that we could and we ended up with further a 7% or 8% reduction to court. Unfortunately, I applyt recall this will get us to the terms point that sales is feeling for. But I dont need to remind you that we gave sales the features and functionality they wanted in Aerial, so Im not handout back outright to ask my group to do the impossible. Well hash it out tomorrow, provided I figured it best you hear it from me.The second message was from her boss, Richard Fiero, the ac fraternity presidentEmma, I wanted to check on Aerial. I heard grumbling from Ed and the sales aggroup on Friday. They seemed frustrated with Tony Barrens outturn team. Make sure Production has its act unneurotic. Tony should have hes on thin ice by and by(prenominal) the recent production fiasco on that sonar project-hes got to make it on Aerial. W e need to have Aerial on shelves at the start of Q3. Some board members are worried, so Aerial will be near the top of the agenda at the board meeting next month.2184 A P R I L 1 1 , 2 0 0 8For the exclusive implement of B. ShiThis record is let for work barely by Bixi Shi in organisational Behavior- descend 2014 taught by Elaine Wong University of atomic number 20 riverbank from October 2014 to December 2014.2184 TerraCog Global berth Systems Conflict and Communication on Project Aerial2 BRIEFCASES HARVARD BUSINESS give instructionNeither message was encouraging. The Aerial meeting the next day, involving the sales, design & international ampere development, and production departments, was now guaranteed to be contentious.It was March 2008-only two months since Richardson had been promoted to executive fault president. Fiero had tasked her with moving TerraCog toward greater operational alignment and increasing cross-departmental cooperation. Richardson had alread y been tried by both inventory problems and quality issues, which had led to signifi commodet emphasis between the U.S. chairquarters in Chicago and the production team in Shenzhen, China. Now, disagreement over the proposed set point for Aerial threatened to sabotage the launch of the prototype in her hand.Company and Industry HistoryTerraCog was a privately held political party specializing in high-quality Global Positioning System (GPS) and search sonar equipment. Founded in 1977, TerraCog got its start manufacturing high-end sonar equipment for serious sport fishermen and boaters. In the late 1990s, the company had introduced its first GPS products, marketed specifically to hunters, hikers, and campers.Management believed that it was the companys skill at translating retailer and user feedback into exceptional product design and functionality that fueled the growth of its GPS business. Through attentive channel management and, as Fiero put it, a deep empathiseing of what specialty retailers unavoidable, TerraCog had developed steadfast relationships with its divulge accounts. Fiero as well believed that TerraCogs grasp of its consumers preferences and usage had given it an delimitation over GPS manufacturers whose core business was in automotive applications.The firm had make its GPS line for the serious exterior enthusiasts market, and the products had won plaudits for durability and value-added features alike the integrated compass and barometric altimeter. Moreover, industry reports indicated that the TerraCog GPS outperformed competing products on navigation. TerraCogs proprietorship firmware-a custom computer program embedded into hardware that ran functions-optimized the GPS chipsets childlike Area Augmentation System capability, which provided more than precise navigation.The company was not perpetually first to market. In fact, TerraCog had prepare it was free to lag in technical innovation with little risk because, when the company finally introduced new products, they surpassed those of competitors in addressing customer needs. Customer word-of-mouth recommendations had given TerraCog strong momentum with its hold GPS. In archeozoic 2007, TerraCog prepared to enter new, underserved GPS sub-markets, including cycling and fitness applications.Google existence for your GPSAt the Summer 2006 Outdoor Retailer Show-the biggest conduct show for vendors of open-air(prenominal) goods-a competitor, Posthaste, had unveiled a GPS prototype called BirdsI that displayed sa come apartite resource. The resourcefulness was not live, but rather static satellite photographs that had been stitched into a single view. This was a marked improvement on the simple, vector-based graphics used by the loosening of the industry (see Exhibit 3 for a comparison). This did not impress the TerraCog team. The mental imagery was crisp and had a certain visual appeal, but TerraCogs research showed that BirdsI technology did not put up substantive performance improvement over the regulation maps in TerraCogs GPS system. Furthermore, the TerraCog team was convinced that Posthastes receiving system lagged TerraCogs product in both accuracy and reception quality. art object the TerraCog team dismissed the Posthaste concept, a number of key buyers and product reviewers found it an exciting innovation. One magazine reviewer observed, Imagine havingFor the exclusive use of B. ShiThis document is authorized for use only by Bixi Shi in Organizational Behavior- Fall 2014 taught by Elaine Wong University of California Riverside from October 2014 to December 2014.TerraCog Global Positioning Systems Conflict and Communication on Project Aerial 2184HARVARD BUSINESS trail BRIEFCASES 3Google Earth built into your GPS-its much more induce to look at an actual satellite image than to have discolour for land, blue blobs for water, and grey squiggles for roads. Based on the buzz, TerraCogs executives debated w hether to upgrade to satellite imagery. However, they realized that adding the feature to the lively GPS platform required upgrades to processor belt along and memory, as well as new firmware. After some deliberation, the company dropped the idea as a non-essential fad. TerraCogs management remained confident that the companys core customers were discerning purchasers who would value durability and performance over dressed-up graphics.In October 2006, with much fanfare, Posthaste introduced BirdsI as the only handheld GPS with satellite imagery. BirdsI had an exclusive launch at two study national outdoor retailers, both of which were key accounts for TerraCog. Within two months, TerraCogs sales re rescueatives in the field reported impressive make do-through rates for BirdsI nationwide. While the products success surprised TerraCog, management attributed it to the ebullience of the holiday shopping season. The TerraCog team was confident that the popularity of BirdsI wouldnt d efy.Project AerialHowever, by spring 2007 TerraCogs sales reps were noticing increasing customer demand for a GPS with satellite imagery like BirdsI. Ed Pryor, criminality-president of sales, began pressing for a reversal of the ratiocination not to develop the product. Its embarrassing to have no answers for our retailers when they ask for our random variable of this, he said. Look at it from our perspective. Weve changed the compensation plan for the whole Sales team-including me-so we take a real hit if we dont reach our sales targets.Customers now want something different, and I cant tell my reps we have no plans to develop the product they need to hit those targets. In response to these repeated requests, TerraCogs president, Richard Fiero, changed his mind on satellite imagery, if only to satisfy the gadget appeal of such an innovation. The initiative was dubbed Project Aerial. In order to speed development and avoid the woo of new moldings and major reconfiguration, t he team decided to redesign within the existing GPS platform.Shortly after making the decision to proceed with Aerial, Fiero and Pryor met with Allen Roth, director of design & development. Roth brought his key managers to the meeting Cory Wu, who oversaw software and firmware, and Alice Gorga, who managed hardware design.RICHARD FIERO Allen, were obviously in a hurry to get to market. But we dont want something slapped together lets make sure we get this product alone right the first time. Our reputation for quality is paramount.ALLEN ROTH Understood. Are we including all the homogeneous features that we have in our current GPS line?ED PRYOR Yes. We plan to offer Aerial at approximately a $50 retail bounteousness to the current top- of-the-line GPS, so its important to maintain the same high-end functionality.ALLEN ROTH What slightly speed? Satellite imagery requires a lot of processing power, so without some serious juicing, Aerial might run slower than youd like.ED PRYOR I think well be okay there, Allen. Our consumers are tech-savvy-they know theres an inherent trade-off to get more advanced graphics.As the meeting ended, Roth indicated that they would have to do some careful cookery to keep cost as low as possible, but he was sure the product design could be completed by familys end. At that point, they could hand it off to production to develop circumstantial cost estimates, which would allow the sales team, in consultation with finance, to determine price and develop a go-to-market plan.For the exclusive use of B. ShiThis document is authorized for use only by Bixi Shi in Organizational Behavior- Fall 2014 taught by Elaine Wong University of California Riverside from October 2014 to December 2014.2184 TerraCog Global Positioning Systems Conflict and Communication on Project Aerial4 BRIEFCASES HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL given the manufacturing lead-time, TerraCog anticipate to get Aerial to stores by the 2008 holiday season (see Exhibit 4 for timeline of events).The product development team members did not greet the Aerial decision with enthusiasm. First, they felt that a redesign of the total platform-including firmware, external case, internal components, and TFT (thin-film transistor) display-was viable if management could extend time to market by six more months the resulting product would be superior and the project would be more excite technically to the team members. Second, they had several other ideas for new products that they believed would position TerraCog to gain on growth in cycling and fitness GPS applications, and Project Aerial was forcing them to put aside these more exciting projects. Finally, with company co-founder Harold hoary marmot preparing for retirement, Roth was earnest to prove his readiness to be the next VP of design & development. The Aerial project impeded his building of a product line he could truly call his own.Aerial Pre-Launch MeetingAs promised, the design team complet ed Aerial by the end of 2007. Late in January 2008, the production team received the design specifications it needed to establish production methods, accept a pilot run, and estimate costs. As the new executive vice president, Emma Richardson was tasked with overseeing the product launch. She scheduled a launch meeting in early March with sales, production, and design & development.In the past, Fiero and Whistler had been very pertain in new products and tended to make quick decisions. TerraCogs growth strained Fiero to take a step back from the launch process, while Whistler had cut back to part-time hours. There were many more employees mired in Aerial than in past product launches, and Richardson worried that the surface of the group might threaten the focus and thwart decision making. She needed to finalize decisions on costs, pricing, and initial production volume.At the start of the pre-launch meeting on March 7, Richardson looked down the postpone, seeing Ed Pryo r, Allen Roth, production director Tony Barren, Cory Wu representing software and firmware, and Alice Gorga representing hardware. Richardson opened the meeting by asking Barren to present his cost estimates. Barren looked around grimly and did not mince haggle This things expensive to build. It looks the same, but Aerials got higher-end components and its more complex to manufacture. He gave a high-level overview of product-cost breakdown and think by saying, Ill be blunt. Youre going to have to sell this product for a lot more than you thought. If anything, we have been too bellicose in our cost estimate. We cant lower it beyond what Ive presented.ED PRYOR I know you think your estimates are sound, but that isnt going to help us. With these numbers, we would have to sell Aerial for $550 to maintain our margin. Wed be two years late to market with a price point $ ampere-second over BirdsI.CORY WU Tony, those cost estimates are surprisingly high. We tweaked the firmware without o verhauling it, so its basically the same components. It doesnt seem vindicatoryify that the costs should come out as you say.ALICE GORGA Im not sure, Cory. Those costs look rea keyic, given how my team upgraded the hardware. Sales probably plainly needs to reconsider how to position this thing. I think ED PRYOR Wait, are we here to talk more or less positioning or pricing? Fiero and I already figured out how well position the product, so lets reasonable get the pricing straightened out.For the exclusive use of B. ShiThis document is authorized for use only by Bixi Shi in Organizational Behavior- Fall 2014 taught by Elaine Wong University of California Riverside from October 2014 to December 2014.TerraCog Global Positioning Systems Conflict and Communication on Project Aerial 2184HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL BRIEFCASES 5TONY stripped Well, we dont perform miracles. The cost wont change, and Im not going to cut corners in production. I had my head handed to me the last time we had quality issues.ED PRYOR Allen, your designers must be able to tweak something, right? Hate to say it, but perchance you guys need to go back to the drawing board and figure out how to solve this problem.ALLEN ROTH Ed, were well into a couple of other projects now. Frankly, I dont think this is Sales call to make. We already put other projects on hold for Aerial, and weve given you what you requested.The discussion continued, but it became clear the group was at an impasse. Richardson suggested ending the meeting Why dont we wrap it up for now and meet again next week? In the meantime Tony and the Design team should look for opportunities to cut these costs.As the meeting adjourned, Pryor announced to the room, If we cant lower these costs and fix the finances on Aerial, I cant sell it. I wont try.Resumption of Aerial Pre-Launch Meeting One workweek LaterRoth and Barren had spent much of the intervening week reviewing the cost estimates. When the team re-gathered on March 14, t he participants seated themselves around the conference table (see Exhibit 5 for a seating chart). Becky Timmons, the CFO, was in attendance. At the last minute, Harold Whistler also decided to join the meeting.As Emma Richardson passed out copies of the new cost estimates, she explained that Roth and Barren had agreed to make minor changes to the Aerial prototype, and that they now felt it could be produced for approximately 8% less than the prior weeks estimate. On this basis, the Aerial could be priced at $475, about $100 more than the current full-featured TerraCog GPS.A long silence followed, then Cory Wu talk up. Eight percent-thats all? I dont understand it. Id like to know where the differences lie between our costs and PostHastes on BirdsI. Theres got to be room for more cuts.Barren snorted derisively. You cant wish away the costs, he said. Weve cut what we can. Last time we got pressured into being too aggressive on cost estimates and then we got burned when the price of plastic went through the roof. Im not making that mistake again.Allen Roth concurred, pointing to the drivers of the cost increase Incorporating the satellite imagery requires five times as much memory as our standard graphics. That increases cost-but if you cut it, you undermine Aerials value proposition. Then we also did some reconfiguration internally, and that increases the labor required to put one of these together. He paused, appraise the frustrated faces around him. I dont like the fleck any more than the rest of you do, but weve got to be realistic. Look at the numbers in front of you-theres nothing we can do to further reduce costs.As everyone scrutinized the new cost estimates, the meeting stone-broke into several conversations. Ed Pryor and Richardson huddled together, while Allen Roth and Tony Barren carried on a conversation with Harold Whistler. After several minutes, Richardson realized she needed to get the discussion back on track. She addressed the entire group , saying, We have the estimates, so we just have to set a price that makes sense for the company. What do you think, Ed?ED PRYOR We have to consider the selling price of the Aerial comparative to competition. Posthaste is selling at around $250 to dealers, which means they retail for around $400. Garmin just announcedFor the exclusive use of B. ShiThis document is authorized for use only by Bixi Shi in Organizational Behavior- Fall 2014 taught by Elaine Wong University of California Riverside from October 2014 to December 2014.2184 TerraCog Global Positioning Systems Conflict and Communication on Project Aerial6 BRIEFCASES HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOLtheir satellite-image version, which will hit shelves at somewhere around $395 MSRP. You all are talking about $475 retail, and thats too high. We have to be in the ball park with our list price or well be shut out of the game.EMMA RICHARDSON What should list price be?ED PRYOR $425 tops-but we should be lower than that if we are going to be aggressive at recapturing lost share. Lets not baby bird ourselves. The way were trending, same-store sales will be down 10% this year. And this is with the GPS handheld market growing.HAROLD WHISTLER What if we relax our margin requirements for once?BECKY TIMMONS abruptly not. Were cutting it close already.HAROLD WHISTLER Okay, then how about a redesign? Lets go to market with what we have, and Ill have my team take another look at possible changes that we can incorporate later.ALLEN ROTH Im afraid thats wishful thinking, Harold. Given the product requirements the sales team called for, the cost is as low as it will get.CORY WU I dont know about that. The changes we made to meet sales requirements were not enormous. Why would they contribute to such a large increase in projected labor costs?TONY stark(a) Cory, you and Harold can run the numbers for yourself. Then youll see that these high costs are real.BECKY TIMMONS Id still feel more favorable if we could price it at $500 retail. With fuel costs still rising, the cost to get these here from Shenzhen will only increase, and we run the risk of our margins very getting squeezed.ED PRYOR Becky, you dont understand how competitive this market is Even at $475, why would anyone give us shelf berth? We are late to market and wed be pricing at a substantial allowance. And is the product superior enough to justify that premium? Ive been trying out our prototypes and Im concerned about the speed. The update speed is terrible, and switching between functions is just ALLEN ROTH Come on, dont start talking speed now. We were clear from the start that we would trade some speed to get new functionality and features.ED PRYOR Well, my sales managers are going to be fuming. Fiero told them Aerial would be available at $400, and now you are talking about a minimum of $75 more than that. I still want to see Cory or Harold take a crack at reducing unit cost.Emma Richardson took a deep breath. The company needed a go/no-go decision on the existing Aerial, and whether to do so at a competitive price in the hope that costs might be cut in the future, or at a high price. She wondered fleetingly what the consequences might be if the company given Aerial altogether. As things stood, the arguments and finger-pointing were bound to continue, and the group would never come to a decision on its own.

Coperate Gorvernance Essay

Executive summaryCadbury Report (1992) stated that embodied constitution is the work by which companies and directed and controlled (cited in beguiler, 2009). In other words, it helps the in in integrateddd entities increase the value wind to the organisations various stakeholders. Therefore, get hold of corporate brass plays a very important sh ar in cultivation of organisations. This  palingenesis go out define corporate plaque and some of its concepts (through the paper). Following, the round will give a Memorandum or a frequent introduction somewhat Nufarm, which is a publicly listed companionship and then cast the structure, process and speciality of its nerve.Besides, the paper will mention about aras much(prenominal) as the composition and responsibilities of the Nufarm come along of Directors, and disclose policies, codes of conduct adopted by the partnership, which be pertinent to the lodges regime scopes. Fin exclusivelyy, from training and an alyses, at that place be some recommendations for the Nufarm to achieve take over improvements. For ex axerophtholle, the bon tons nerve should recognise and adhere to all relevant laws and regulations and wagers high standards with respect to silver dollar and integrity. In addition, the union should reserve open and potent communications with its stockholders and the widely distributed investment community. Further more than, the company should produce effective methods to brushup drivers of governance, etc. control menu of contentsContentsI. psychiatric hospital3II.What is corporate governance?3III.General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum)3IV.The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarms governance4The Scope of the companys bodied Governance influences the companys codes7V.Recommendations8VI.References10I. IntroductionRecently, the appearance of high-profile corporate failures, scandals and administrator corruption arise s the requirement for organisations to follow appropriate corporate governance structures, processes standards and practices.The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure, process and effectiveness of the governance of Nufarm, a publicly listed company and give recommendations for it to achieve appropriate improvements.II. What is corporate governance?Cadbury report (1992) and OECD (1999) defined that corporate governance is the process by which company are directed and controlled. Monks & Minow (2001) suggested that corporate governance is the relationship among various participants in determining the direction and cognitive process of corporations. The uncreated participants are the shareholders, the focus and the board of directors.OECD (2001) supposed that corporate governance refers to the unavowed and public institutions, including laws, regulations and accepted stock practices, which together govern the relationship, in a market economy, between corpor ate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations, on the otherIII. General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum)Nufarm Limited is a publicly listed company, one of the worlds jumper lead crop protection companies (Nufarms website, 2012). The company manufactures products to help farmers protect their crops against monetary value caused by weeds, pests and disease. Its manufacturing and marketing spread throughout Australia, New Zealand, Asia, The Americas and Europe and sells products in more than 100 countries around the world.According to the Nufarms website (2012), the company employs more than 2,600 people around the places having its manufacturing and marketing acts, all of whom sterilise a racy contribution to the companys reputation for quality products, innovation and scratch problem class marketing and technical support. Proudly based in Australia, Nufarm is listed on the Australian Stock Exc hange (with symbol NUF). Its head office is situated at Laverton in Melbourne, Australia.Table1 the information contained in the company details tabularise (ASX website, 2012)IV. The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarms governanceThe companys board structure contains Chairman (Donald Gordon McGauchie), Managing Director/CEO (Doug Rathbone), and five Non Executive Directors who are Anne Bernadette Brennan, Gordon Richard Davis, Bruce Goodfellow, Gary Hounsell, Peter Margin (Nufarms website, 2012).According to the companys website (2012), the mount up is the governing body of the Company. The room is responsible for the oversight of the Company. It is responsible to warrant that the business of the Company is carried out in the best interests of all shareholders and with befitting regard to the interests of all other stakeholders. Specifically, the display board has responsibility to protect and farm the value of the assets of the Company, set strategies and dir ections and monitor and recap those strategic objectives, reexamination and strengthen ingrained controls, codes of conduct and legal residency, review the Companys accounts, enjoy and review the one course of instruction operating budget and five year strategic plan for the Company, appoint the Managing Director, evaluate performance and determine the allowance of the Managing Director and senior executives, ensure the significant risks facing the Company have been identified and adequate control monitoring and reporting mechanisms are in place, pass transactions relating to acquisitions, divestments and capital expenditure above authority limits delegated to management, approve financial and dividend policy, appoint the Company Secretary, ratify the appointment of the Chief financial Officer (Nufarms website, 2012).The managing Director is delegated to be responsible for the day-to-day leaders and management of the Company. To assist the Board to discharge its responsib ilities and duties, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director unique(predicate) authorities which are subject to appropriate reporting and monitoring procedures. For example * Shareholder values / corporate strategy the Managing Director formulates and brings to the Board for review and approval, an appropriate long term strategy for the Nufarm Group and appropriate financial standards and policies. The strategy is reviewed by the Board at its annual strategic be after review and any changes in financial standards are reviewed by the take stock committee.* Organisation Planning the Managing Director formulates an appropriate human resources policy which is reviewed by the Board annually. * Capital Allocation The Managing Director approves capital expenditure inwardly limits set by the Board. All approvals made by the Managing Director are reported and reviewed at every Board Meeting. * Company Financial movement the Managing Director reports to the Board at each Bo ard Meeting on the financial results of the Company. * Compliance The Managing Director is responsible for ensuring ossification with all relevant legislation.In brief, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director all powers required to manage the business of the Company and the Managing Director reports on a monthly basis on all material matters affecting the Nufarm Group to the Board.Besides, The Board has three committees the inspect commission, the nominating speech Committee and the Remuneration Committee. These Board Committees review and analyse policies and strategies within their particular(prenominal) terms of reference. The Board Committees examine proposals and, where appropriate, make recommendations to the Board. The Board Committees do not take direct action or make decisions on behalf of the Board unless specifically mandated by prior Board authority (Nufarms website).The Nomination Committee consists of three non-executive Directors and is comprised of a m ajority of independent Directors. The Committees intent is to develop criteria for Board membership and identify specific individuals for nomination and establish processes for the review of the performance of individual Directors and the Board as a whole. The duties of this committee is facilitating a Board performance assessment, develop criteria for Board membership, identify suitably skilled, qualified and experienced individuals for nomination and to establish processes for the review of the performance of Directors.According to prankster (2012, p.283), the essential and original role of the canvass committee is to act as a bridge between the independent external auditors and the board, avoiding the possibility of powerful executive directors and over the years the role and responsibilities of the committee have expanded. Nufarm companys Audit Committees primary function is to assist the Board in fulfilling its corporate governance responsibilities in regard to financial re porting, audit and risk management, including oversight of the preparedness of Nufarm Limiteds (the Group) financial reporting compliance with legal and restrictive obligations oversight of the effectiveness of the Groups enterprise-wide risk management and internal control framework and oversight of the relationship with the external and internal auditors.The specific duties and responsibilities of the companys audit committee in meeting will be report Committee actions to the Board with such recommendations as the Committee may deem appropriate (e.g. The Committee will report to the Board immediately if it becomes aware of any material misstatement in financial information provided by management to the Board or of any materialbreakdown in internal controls), continuously monitor a framework and processes for compliance with laws, regulations, standards, best practice guidelines and the Groups code of conduct, maintain adequate interaction with the Health Safety & Environment Committee and the Nomination & Governance Committee, perform such other functions assigned by law, the Companys Constitution, or the Board.The Remuneration Committees purpose is to recommend to the Board policies and practices which enable Nufarm to attract, develop, retain and motivate high tone Directors and executives. The Committee will review and make recommendations on policies for pay, development, retention and depot of Directors and Key Management effect (KMP). The Committees duties are to review and make recommendations to the Board in relation to Nufarms Board and executive remuneration strategy, structure and practice with regard to Nufarm strategic objectives corporate governance principles and competitive practice.The specific matters the Committee may consider include the review of executive management and Directors remuneration, including the link between Company and individual performance current industry best practice the outcome of the annual pick out on the adoption of the Remuneration Report different methods for remunerating senior management and Directors including superannuation arrangements 2/4 existing or proposed incentive schemes seclusion and termination benefits and payments for senior management professional indemnity and liability damages policies.The Committee is responsible for seeking and approving remuneration advisers that will provide independent remuneration advice, as appropriate, on Board, CEO and other KMP remuneration strategy, structure practice and disclosure. However, according to the company website (2012), the Committee does not have executive powers to commit the Board or management to its recommendations except where authorized by a resolution of the Board nor become involved in day to day management activities or decision making. The Scope of the companys Corporate Governance influences the companys codesAccording to Tricker (2012), the structure, the membership and the process of the governin g body are central to corporate governance. However, the relations with shareholders, contractual stakeholders, legal institutions, etc also influence the structure and operation of Nufarms corporate governance. Therefore, the companys corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and public institutions, which together govern the relationship between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations on the other (Tricker, 2012).For example, the companys code of conduct is governed by and contrasted in accordance with the laws in the State of Victoria, Australia. Besides, Nufarm has ensured to be compliance with the ASX Listing Rules, and ensured that Key Management Personnel and their associates are aware of the legal restrictions in dealing in Nufarms shares, options or other securities while such a person is in possession of unpublished price sensitive information concerning Nuf arm.V. RecommendationsThere are some recommendations in order for Nufarm to make appropriate improvements for its corporate governance areFirstly, Nufarm should conduct its business in a manner which recognises and adheres to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In order to meet this commitment, we require all Nufarm directors, employees, contractors and consultants to be familiar with and uphold the companys code of conduct in all business dealings.Besides, according to Tricker (2012), the Board, which determines whether the companys governance is good, is the major driving force in a company. However, there are other drivers of good governance in the company such as shareholders. Therefore, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. For example, with shareholders, the company should adopt a shareholder communications policy in order to* Ensure that shareholders and the financial markets are provided with full and timely information about its activities * Comply with continuous disclosure obligations contained in applicable Listing Rules and the Corporations Act in Australia as hygienic as industry guidelines such as the Australasian Investor Relations Associations, shell Practice Guidelines for Communication between Listed Entities and the Investment Community and Ensure equality of access to briefings, presentations and meetings for shareholders, analysts and media. * Encourage attendance and voting at shareholder meetingsThe companys Remuneration Committee should review induction and development arrangements for the Board to ensure Board members gain and maintain a suitable take of knowledge about Nufarm.Audit Committee should usually review and make recommendations to the Board on the Nufarm Diversity Policy ensuring the Policy is in line with applicable legislation and governance principles.Self-assess whether th e Committees comply with its membership requirements at to the lowest degree once every year.Critically review the Remuneration Committee charter at least once per year to ensure its relevance and compliance with overall governance legislative requirements and best practice.VI. ReferencesMonks, B., Nell, M. 2007, Corporate Governance, 4th edn, Chichester, UKWiley.Tricker, B. 2009, Corporate Governance Principles, Policies, and Practices, Oxford University Press.Nufarm website 2012, <http//www.nufarm.com/Home>, viewed 15 July, 2012.ASX website 2012, Nufarm Limited (NUF), <http//www.asx.com.au/asx/research/companyInfo.do?by=asxCode&asxCode=NUF>, viewed 15 July, 2012.

Comparing Organic And Non Organic Food Environmental Sciences Essay

Is entire nutritious check than pompous alimentary? This is the issue that has been a hot message since the late 2000 s. ( Michelle, 2007 ) . radical nutritive defined by the nourishing essential be produced, procedures and packaged without the presence of man-made pesticides, weedkillers, insect powders, antifungals, etc. withal, conventional tillage uses chemical substance weedkillers to pull off weed or uses pesticides to cut downward plague and disease. ( Robin, 2008 ) The carnal Federal radical nutrient and the recompense existence that non given unreal endocrines, like antibiotics, growing endocrines atomic number 18 considered as the animate beings backside be positiveally raised. ( All4NaturalHealth, 2007 )Why is organic nutrient everyplacetaking so popular? Harmonizing to the research of diet Marketing Institute, there is around half of Ameri quarters buy organic nutrient one time a month. During 1990s, organic factory lift was the fastest go agrib usiness in U.S and organic nutrient production had has increased its growing rates around 25 % a twelvemonth. ( Lee, 2009 )In this study, I will be chiefly researching the biologic significance of organic nutrient and conventional nutrient, the pros and cons of taking organic nutrient.2.0 biological significanceBased on the briefly debut of organic nutrient and conventional nutrient, it is grounds that there argon two distinguishable types of nutrient. natural agriculture is designed to bring forth the nutrient without utilizing conventional methods to fertilise, verify weeds and cut down plague. Organic grangers may use ripe return rotary motions or mechanical cultivated land to mastery the weed growing instead than utilizing man-made weed-killers. Unlike conventional husbandmans, the meat, dairy farm merchandises and eggs that organic husbandmans produced ar from animate beings that are fed organic provender and allowed admittance to grazing land. In extra, the farm anim al diseases are controlled fundamentally by organic husbandmans through balanced diet, healthful lodging, rotational graze etc.Figure 1 The sum-up of passings between conventional agriculture and organic agricultureConventional husbandmansOrganic husbandmansApply chemical fertilisers to bring home the bacon works growing.Apply natural fertilisers, such as manure or compost, to feed dirt and workss.Spray insecticides to cut down plagues and disease.Use untroubled insects and birds, copulating break or traps to cut down plagues and disease.Use chemical weedkillers to pull off weeds.Rotate harvests, boulder clay, manus weed or mulch to pull off weeds.Give animate beings antibiotics, growing endocrines and medicines to forestall disease and spur growing.Give animate beings organic provender and let them entree to the out-of-doorss. Use preventative steps such as rotational graze, a balanced diet and clean lodging to assist minimise disease. origin MFMER, 20083.0 Advantages of organ ic nutrient ( compared to conventional nutrient )3.1 Having nutritionOrganic nutrient is more alimentary than conventional nutrient. Organic nutrient is grown in dirt that s healthier, since it is toxic-free substances from the man-made chemical substances which helps transport out the greatest possible salutary health. ( Kirstie, 2010 ) . There is less wellness harming chemicals on the nutrient that people may devour. ( Louise, 2009 ) Organic nutrient contains 50 % more foods, minerals and vitamins than conventional nutrient. Peoples have to eat more vegetable and fruit to Organically bragging(a) nutrients are alimentary although they may non look as colorful and good nowadayss as conventional nutrient. Peoples have to eat more veggies fruits presents to build the lack. However unluckily, the nutrient that contains hurt, more unfavourable affects on. ( Voice Marketing, 2008 ) .The incidence of new malignant neoplastic disease instances per twelvemonth between 1972 and 2004Beginni ng Julie, 2004The graph shows that the adventure of new malignant neoplastic disease has risen over 50 % merely between 32 old ages. ( Julie, 2004 )3.2 Health of environment bout nutrients organically can protect the surface soil from eroding. Besides, organic nutrients do non impact the environment like conventional nutrients do, because there are no mills, pesticides, or preservatives that are added to the nutrient, so there is no waste to wildness onto the environment ( Loius, 2009 ) . Organic agriculture is less damaging to the environment and can protect the surface soil from eroding, because balance and biodiversity are encouraged. There is no fouling chemicals emitted as agrochemicals and unreal fertilisers like weedkillers and pesticides are absent in turning organic nutrient. Harmonizing to Government findings, organic agriculture has a lower C footmark than conventional agribusiness, in general utilizing 27 % less energy ( Caroline,2009 ) .3.3 Tastes better and maintain longerOrganic poulets live longer than stamp battery poulets and the gustatory sensation is uncomparable. Organic poulets besides live longer than roughly free-range birds although there is arguably small-scale or no difference in spirit and quality. Caroline,2009 The organically grown nutrient gustatory sensations better than that conventionally grown. The pleasingness of fruit and veggies is straight related to its sugar content, which in bend is a map of the quality of nutrition that the works itself has enjoyed.Food Keeps LongerOrganically adult workss are nourished of course, rendering the geomorphologic and metabolic unity of their cellular construction superior to those conventionally adult. As a consequence, organically grown nutrients can be stored longer and manufacture non demo the latter s susceptibleness to rapid cast and decomposition. ( Julie )4.0 Disadvantages of organic nutrient ( compared to conventional nutrient )With all(prenominal) positive comes a small n egative, and organic nutrient is no exclusion.TimeIndeed, organic agriculture requires greater interaction between a husbandman and his harvest for observation, timely intercession and weed control for case. It is inherently more labour intensive than chemical/mechanical agribusiness so that, of course a individual husbandman can bring forth more harvest utilizing industrial methods than he or she could by all told organic methods.Skill advantages and disadvantages organic estateIt requires well more skill to farm organically. However, because professional agriculture of each kind of course imparts a stopping point and observant kin to populating things, the best organic husbandmans are converted agrichemical husbandmans.Organic husbandmans do non present some convenient chemical hole on the shelf for every job they encounter. They have to prosecute careful observation and greater judgement in order to cognize how to tweak their agriculture system to revivify the cause of th e job instead than merely seting a plaster over its consequence.This is a bigger issue during the transition period from conventional to entirely organic when both the acquisition curve and passage related jobs are top outing ( it takes clip to construct a healthy farm ecosystem that copes good without man-made crutches ) . Organic husbandmans I have interviewed study that their roughly valuable redresss and advice come from other organic husbandmans.CostAt the minute organic nutrients are excessively expensive when compared to other nutrient merchandises that use pesticides and familial technology, because of harvest failures since husbandmans can non utilize any chemicals like pesticides. Since larger companies have bought into the Organic it is overselling and being treated more like a trade mention so what it should be a manner of life, because corporations are merely locomotion to utilize it for their greedy desires and inflate monetary values up to 50 % when compared to non organic merchandises. ( Kenyon,2008 )One more disadvantages organic nutrient production has is its cost. Less nutrient is produced per acre, and the nutrient does nt maintain every bit good, so it is more pricey to turn and bring forth organic nutrient. Those added costs are passed on to the consumer. For that ground, it is a disadvantage of organic nutrient that hapless people can non afford it.

Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car

COMPARITIVE LIFE round of golf COSTING FOR OF A gasolene AND A HYBRID CAR Digvesh khot , N arndran Neelagandan ABSTRACT The depletion of the dodo fires is emerging as a concern for the whole world. The major reference works for the consumption of this fogy discharge atomic number 18 our vehicles that use much of the oil for their operation. The need has been felt to mull over the alternative sack for our vehicles which should be the sustainable option so that it does non contribute to the environmental impacts rigorously. The objective of the proportional summary is to know the feasibility of the crossization automobile against the gun railway machine.The procedure adopted for the proportional abstract is to do life sentence rhythm method of birth control saluteing of both the locomotive locomotive engines by considering the woo, benefits, criminal maintenance and repairs for both the engines. The weight scoring pose was overly bob uped to crush the fea sibility of both the engines on the chiliad of terms same(p) safety, comfort, dish aerialharges and incentives. subsequently completing the comparative analysis the life cycle courting illustration and the weight scoring beat yield the results which were canvass and the necessary recommendations were made.The results of the comparative analysis revealed that though the Hybrid cars initially cost more(prenominal), but if they argon run for more than 20,000 miles than the essence cost per mile is less than the throttle cars. Also calculation ideal for both the cars distributes more weightage to interbreeding cars in terms of emissions and incentives. KEYWORDS Life calendar method of birth control costing, alternative fuels, add-blendization vehicles, gasolene engines. literary transactions REVIEW Today the major difficulty the whole world is veneering is the depletion of fossil fuels. Most of the vehicles run on these fossil fuels.It is estimated that if the consumption of these fossil fuels continues at the same rate then by the end of 2030 the fossil fuels forget get annuld by 50% of the current evaluate and the equipment casualtys will increase by $10/ gallon (Kibert, 2008). To overcome this problem a lot of automobile companies ar running(a) on the smart design of engine which will work on some some other source of energy other than fossil fuels. So interbreedingizing flummox cars were developed keeping in mind of these problems. The premier hybrid car model was developed by Dr Ferdinand Porsche in 1902 using a accelerator engine, rotating at a ceaseless speed to drive a ynamo, which aerated the accumulators (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). These accumulators fed current to galvanizing motors contained within the hubs of the front wheels. Before this several(prenominal)(prenominal) advancements were made in non- natural gas motors, mainly electric cars (www. wikipedia. com). Such non-gasoline car was invented somewhere around categorys from 1832 and 1839, by Robert Anderson of Scotland and his electric carriage (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). After that several car manufactures acquire been working on different technology for a long time and recently hybrid cars were developed (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008).Hybrid cars atomic number 18 vehicles driven by hybrid engines, which ar any engine that combines 2 or more sources of power, generally gasoline and electricity (Lipman, et. al, 2003). There are two lineaments of gasoline-electric hybrid cars the parallel hybrid, and the series hybrid. Both of these use gasoline-electric hybrid technology (Lipman, et. al, 2003). In parallel hybrid cars, the gasoline and electric motors work together to sham the car forward. In series, the gasoline engine each directly powers an electric motor which in turn powers the vehicle or charges the bombardment that will in turn power the motor(Lipman, et. l, 2003). Both these type of hybrid cars use another t echnology called Regenerative braking which stores the kinetic energy that is take a shitd spell braking. This energy is stored in a battery which runs the electric motor. (Lipman, et. al, 2003) PROJECT stocky This project was placed on the life cycle costing and the comparative analysis of the hybrid engines and the gas engines. The goal of the project was to calculate the total cost of both the engines during their life cycle and to analyze their consummation and the impacts of environments.The first objective was to develop the life cycle cost model for studying their performance with respect to the annual mileage and the total cost per year spent on both type of cars. The second objective was to develop the weight scoring model for both types of cars to analyze them on the grounds of safety, comfort, emissions, and incentives. Life cycle model for both the cars were developed using the cost grammatical constituents like depreciation, fees and taxes, finance, fuel, insuran ce, maintenance , and repairs. All the information for these cost subdivisions for both types of engines were pile up from the partner move websites and the EPA website.After the collection of these entropy, the life cycle cost model has been employ for calculating the total life cycle cost for hybrid as well as gas engines. The results were analyzed for both the alternatives and the conclusions were made. cant over scoring model was also developed for the comparative analysis which include the components like safety, comfort, emissions, and the incentives. The sexual congress weights for these components were assigned harmonize to the priorities from the consumer point of view. The rating points were also assigned and both the cars were rated according to the aforesaid components.The sources for the information were the company websites and the EPA websites for the emission entropy was also cited. The results of the Weight scoring model were then analyzed and the final c onclusions were made. The comparative study for both the cars revealed that the hybrid cars are more efficient in terms of long term usage than the gas pedal cars. CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION Many car manufactures are working on this hybrid technology to improve the fuel consumption and abate the emission directs and Honda is one of the leading car manufacturers who cede released different hybrid models into the market (www. onda. com 11, 2008). One of the models of Honda is The Civic Hybrid 2008 which is the latest model which uses hybrid technology for propulsion, which is interpreted into study (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The Civic Hybrid 2008 uses gasoline and electric power formulate for the propulsion. The engine is a 1399cc, 4 cylinder aluminum-alloy engine which supplies a power of email& one hundred sixtyprotected (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The electric motor supplies a utmost of 158 volts (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The functioning of the system at various stages is diff erent and is explained below.STARTING The car uses an IMA (Integrated motor assist) system motor to start. If the IMA battery-pack charge is too low or if its very cold outside, the system has a separate battery and starter motor to back it up. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) ACCELERATION When extra acceleration is needed, composition passing or climbing up an inclined region, the IMA Systems electric motor adds its torque automatically to the engines to give extra power. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) CITY CRUISING At steady speeds below 35 miles per hour on aim roads and under light throttle, fuel dead reckoning is ceased and the car is propelled olely by the electric motor. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) HIGHWAY At higher cruising speeds, the gasoline engine provides the motive power. The motor has been developed in such a way that it reduces the fuel consumption to particular levels. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) BRAKING The cars IMA System taps the kinetic energy that is produced in the ve hicle, when brakes are applied. During that period, the systems motor turns itself into a generator, and helps in slowing down the car temporary hookup at the same time it builds up the energy stored in the batteries. www. honda. com 11, 2008) AT A STOP When stopped, the gasoline engine automatically shuts off. When we lift our seat off the brake, and the engine restarts automatically. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) These setups have been made to increase the vehicle performance and make them fuel efficient. The benefits of the refined gasoline electric power train are fuel economy and environment friendly emissions. This vehicle is aware by Environment protection agency (EPA) and passes all the regulation of EPA 2008 for environment.This car is also equipped with the rating of Advanced Technology of Partial zipper Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV) which is the most stringent emission standards of United States which in turn is certified by atomic number 20 Air Resource display board (CA RB). The technology being new is expensive and the initial cost for hybrid car is high as compared to the petrol engine cars. just now if compared the life cycle cost is considerably less as compared to petrol engine due to the benefits of low emissions and fuel economy of the hybrid cars. (www. honda. om 11, 2008) The petrol interpretation of 2008 Honda civil sedan which is currently out in the market, is a commonplace car that runs on a gasoline engine. The engine is a 1799cc aluminum-alloy which produces email&160protected (www. honda. com 11, 2008). Gasoline or petrol engines are basic internal conflagration engines which run on volatile fuels. They use air and fuel confuse together and a spark plug which produces the fire for combustion. The energy that is created is used to run the drive shaft which in-turn runs the wheel (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008).Petrol engines were developed by the engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz (both from Ger umteen) in 1885 who both to gether started the Daimler-Benz car plant (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). Gasoline engines are the widely used internal combustion engines which have been under invariant improvisation to improve their efficiency and to reduce the emission levels from them (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). Different industries have been working towards that and Honda is one of the industries who have taken serious steps to reduce the emission levels from normal gasoline engines. www. honda. com 11, 2008) These are the two products for which the life-cycle cost model analysis is going to be created. LIFE CYCLE COST manikin DESCRIPTION The Life Cycle equal (LCC) model for comparative analysis of hybrid and the petrol cars was based on following cost components depreciation Insurance Financing Taxes and fees Fuel aliment Repairs The source for developing the model was (Shtub, et. al 2005). LCCcars = LCCdepreciation + LCCinsurance+ LCCfinancing+ LCCtaxes and fees+ LCCfuel + LCCmaintenance+ LCCrepai rs.The LCC model for car is the summation of the all the cost components which will yield the total life cycle cost (Shtub, et. al 2005). The assumptions that have been made are in terms of time frame and the cost components are as follows 1. Time frame The time frame for counting has been taken as 5 years. All the entropy for the cost components are based on 5 years. 2. Depreciation it is the value of the vehicle which declines as the vehicle gets older. The age of the vehicle is related to the number of miles it has traveled. For both the cars it the honest of 15, 000 miles per year is being considered. 3.Insurance It is the average annual insurance that has been taken into account. The premium charged per year for the insurance of the car has been taken from the website of Honda company for the Louisiana state. 4. Financing This is the interest expense on a loan in the amount of true market value purchase bell + destination charge + base sales tax &038 initial fees (www. hon da. com 11, 2008). The set for these expenses are considered for Louisiana region assuming the 10% down pay and a loan term of 60 months. 5. Taxes and fees we have included base sales taxes, license and registration fees in Louisiana region (www. dmunds. com, 11/2008). 6. Fuel Assuming 45% driveway on ridways and 55% unprompted in city we have collected the selective information for the fuel from www. epa. gov. 7. Maintenance We have considered both the scheduled and the unscheduled maintenance in this cost components. 8. Repairs the estimated expenses for repairs that do not come under the manufacturers guaranty for five years, is taken as repairs. (www. edmund. com11, 2008) The life cycle costing has been do for three conditions and they are context 1 cost component entropy for USA Condition 2 cost component data for Louisiana. Condition 3 distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. CHECK LIST sham DESCRIPTION The weighing model that has been created has taken into amity of few factors which are not taken into account by many car owners. Factors like safety, comfort, and emissions do not play a significant factor for many throng who plan to buy a car. This motivated us to create the scoring model for these factors. For the Honda civic Dx (2008 model) and Honda civic hybrid (2008, model) safety, comfort, and emissions are taken into account and the relative weights are given.The safety features are good for the in the midsize segment with disc for the front, 4 wheel ABC and the airbags for the head, and side (www. honda. com 11, 2008). But these can be improved to the next level by adding the disc brakes to all the wheels and by increasing the number of airbags. The comfort level is taken into consideration as some people spend more time in the car driving around, so the comfort level plays an important part. The next criteria are the emission levels of the car which is taken into consideration for analyzing the environmental impact of them.The last criteria is the incentives that are being offered for the buying a hybrid cars. The source for developing the weighing model was (Shtub, et. al 2005). On the basis of the above criteria the weighing model has been developed and the results were analyzed to make conclusions. RESULTS Life cycle costing amaze 1 Honda Civic Dx 4 door saloon Condition 1 cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturers suggestion sell price $ 15, 810. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 10,112 Fees and taxes 730 Finance 2331 Fuel9945 Insurance8348 Maintenance1720 Repairs643nitty-gritty life cycle cost37645 differentiate The miles driven are kept immutable and the values are tabulated for USA Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data debar for the fuel data. www. epa. gov fuel data. Condition 2 cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion sell p rice $ 15, 810. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 9002 Fees and taxes 1407 Finance 2963 Fuel8478 Insurance10119 Maintenance2934 Repairs625 gibe life cycle cost35528 Note the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data nevertheless for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Condition 3 distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion sell price $ 15, 810. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 8851 Fees and taxes 1194 Finance 2405 Fuel6568 Insurance6759 Maintenance1176 Repairs564 chance cost2999 occur life cycle cost30, 518 Note the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 1, for 15,000 miles is $. 48, and for 20,000 miles $0. 46. Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cos t component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Model 2 Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan Condition 1 cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22, 600. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 11993 Fees and taxes 1974 Finance 4117 Fuel6155 Insurance10622 Maintenance2932 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost38478 Note The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov Fuel data. Condition 2 cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22,600. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 13128 Fees and taxes 511 Finance 3331 Fuel6846 Insurance9252 Maintenance1920 Opportunity cost3857 Repairs679 Total life cycle cost39525 Note the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source www. autochannel. com, www. ho nda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. ww. epa. gov fuel data. Condition 3 Distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22, 600. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 12189 Fees and taxes 1157 Finance 3615 Fuel4536 Insurance7491 Maintenance1402 Repairs596 Opportunity cost3212 Total life cycle cost34198 Note the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 68, for 15,000 miles is $. 51, and for 20,000 miles $0. 47. Source www. autochannel. om, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov Fuel data. Sensitivity analysis The data used for predisposition analysis was miles per year travelled and the increment taken for it was 5000. For Model 1 Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100 000. 61www. epa. gov 150000. 48www. epa. gov 200000. 46www. epa. gov 250000. 47www. epa. gov For Model 2 Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 68www. epa. gov 150000. 51www. epa. gov 200000. 47www. epa. gov 50000. 45www. epa. gov The initial cost for the petrol engine whitethorn be less than the hybrid cars but after 20000 miles of running hybrid cars are more fuel efficient than the petrol engines. After playing the sensitivity analysis we observed that initially the cost per mile for petrol is less than the hybrid cars, but as you increase the number of miles after 20,000 miles hybrid cars become more fuel efficient. The breakeven point on the sensitivity graph shows the changing nature of fuel efficiency for hybrid cars and petrol cars. Weight scoring method (Shtub, et. al 2005).Weighing model for Honda civic DX 2008 For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer. CriteriaRelative wei ghtExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor prepare safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v2 emissions. 4v2 incentives. 1v0 total1. 0010 Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. Weighing model for Honda civic hybrid 2008 For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer.CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v4 emissions. 412 incentives. 1v3 total1. 00v25 Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. The weighing score model shows that for hybrid cars the factor score is more than the petrol car and the reason is the hybrid cars are more emission free than the petrol car, also the criteria of the incentive for hybrid car makes it more b est-loved for the customers.The hybrid cars have a 25-100% federal tax credit which could move people towards buying the hybrid cars which are environmentally friendly as compared to petrol (www. honda. com 11/2008) . Conclusions After carrying out the life cycle costing, sensitivity analysis, and the weight scoring the following conclusions can be reached Though the petrol cars are cheaper than the hybrid cars but the life cycle cost of hybrid cars after 20,000 miles makes it the better option. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, petrol cars do not serve to be the best option. Hybrid cars produced less emission than the petrol engines so they are environmentally friendly cars which makes them a sustainable product. The incentives offered by the federal state government for buying the hybrid car may serve as a good step towards motivating people to go for hybrid option Bibliography autochannel. (2008). comparison of hybrid cars and petrol engine cars for miles travelled. Retrieve d 11 24, 2008, from www. autochannel. com. Avraham Shtub, j. F. (2005). Project management process, methodology and economics. pper saddle river, new island of Jersey pearson, prantice hall. edmund. (2008). cost comparison data for hybrid and petrol cars. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. edmund. com. environmental protection agency. (2008). emissions for hybrid and petrol engines. Retrieved 11 29, 2008, from www. epa. gov. Environmental protection agency. (2008). fuel cost for hybrid and petrol engines. Retrieved 11 29, 2008, from www. epa. gov. H. Paul Barringer, P. D. (1996). Life Cycle Cost Tutorial. Houston, Texas Marriott Houston Westside. Heather L.MacLean, e. (2000). A Life-Cycle Comparison of Alternative Automobile Fuels. ledger of the air and waste management association , 1769-1779. honda USA. (2008). hybrid cars and petrol cars. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. honda. com. Jeremy Hackney, R. d. (1999). Life cycle model of alternative fuel vehicles emissions, energy,and c ost trade-offs. scientific discipline direct journal , 243-267. lester lave, h. m. (2000). life cycle analysis of automobile fuel/propulsion technologies. environmental science and technology , 1600-1698.Steven Kmenta, K. I. (2000). SCENARIO-BASED FMEA A LIFE CYCLE COST PERSPECTIVE. Baltimore, Maryland ASME. the fuel cell vehicle analysis of enegy use, emission and cost . (1998). pergamon , 381-385. Timothy E. Lipman, M. A. (2003). Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Design Retail and Lifecycle Cost Analysis. Berkeley, California 94720 Energy and Resources Group. wikipedia. (2008). hybrid engines and petrol ngines. Retrieved 10 29, 2008, from www. wikipedia. com. Kibert, C. J. (2008). Sustainable Construction . radical Jersey John Willey and Sons.

Medicine and Health Issues Essay

Employees in the health care system grapple a wide variety of health issues and infirmitys. This course has provided you the opportunity to experience a broad look at many of these health issues. The coterminous step is for you to look at how disease trends will influence the preservation of health care in the approaching.Write a 1,700- to 2,100-word paper explaining how demographics and disease trends are likely to influence health care sales talk function in the future. implicate the following sectionsAgingoDescribe the current age study of the U.S. population and how it is expected to throw in the next 10 to 20 years.oIdentify the factors that support this trend.Environmental factors changing demographicsoExplain how the aging trend is likely to ontogeny or decrease the health issues covered in this course. Include examples of at least two germane(predicate) diseases.oExplain what can be done to turn out health complications related to aging. Include at least two e xamples. corpulencyoDescribe the current rate of obesity in the United States and how it is expected to change in the next 10 to 20 years.oIdentify the factors that support this trend.Environmental factorsChanging demographicsoExplain how this obesity trend is likely to increase or decrease the health issues covered in this course. Include examples of at least two relevant diseases.oExplain what can be done to reduce health complications related to obesity. Include at least two examples.The FutureoExplain how health care delivery will adapt in the future to provide care for age-related health issues.oExplain how health care delivery will adapt in the future to provide care for obesity-related health issues.Include at least quadruple sources other than Human Diseases A Systemic Approach.Format your paper logical with APA guidelines.

Fun with Everyman the Play Essay

Introduction of the puzzle out Everyman is an English do drub, bidly written before the end of the Fifteenth century. Everyman is considered wizard of the morality plays, with its Catholic and Christian morals ever present and mixing them within its entertainment value. The play is an example of an whollyegory, defined as, The point of references in an allegory often feature no individual personality, but are embodiments of moral qualities and other abstractions. ( onlyegory, 2010). The rootage, unknown, and lost to time, use powerfully named characters to represent characters any sympathetic may meet along their own personal journeys towards our own cobblers last.Everyman 2. Summary of the Characters The main character of the play is adeptly named Everyman, a representative of literally every human Emotional, with of necessity and wants in vitality, he is broke. Not but broke, but busted. The messenger, an angel, a real corking looking one, announces the treaty with beau ideal and tells the real title of the play, The Summoning of Everyman (Anonymous, 114) God, a real macho dude, with an almighty presence end-to-end the enlightenments says, I perceive, here in my majesty, How that all creatures be to me unkind. (Anonymous, 1122-23).God has concerns that people pass on developed an unnatural passion for worldly beneficials like dope and sex and stuff. God talks just most(predicate) the 7 deadly sins, including shoplifting and capping each other, and people living further to serve themselves, not being waitresses and waiters to others. Tired of human crap, God calls ending, a real bad ass dude, to the scene to go find the character Everyman, to kick his ass, collect his raspberry, and bring him to the day of reckoning. finis leaves and finds Everyman going about his daily activities and his routines. Death tells Everyman, YO yoThat shall I show thee a recognizing God he privations to commence. (Anonymous, 1198-99). Death tells Ev eryman that the Day of Judgment is upon him. Everyman just doesnt get it, he just wants to keep shopping at the piazza for the newest Nike shoes. This judgment day can also be represent mentioned in the Bible some where in Revelation 2012-14, and the deadthey cast a real bad stink were judged according to the things written in the booksthey used to be called encyclopedias, according to what they had wear uponeThey were all judged according to their good or lousy deeds. (New International Version, my Edition).When Everyman looks at his imitation Rolex, he realizes that his time on earth is quickly coming to a halt,he hides his bong then he negotiates with Death to give him one more day to get his shit in order. Everymans case for needing more time is that Death surprised him with a shower reach for the soap moment, and should give him Just a petite more time. Everyman needs the extra time to gather up his friends, his peeps and his crew to go with him on this journey to judg ment day. Thru this journey, Everyman sees his friends and companions on earth eccentric out and fade away.His friends, the ones Everyman thought were so good and important to himthey leave him abandoned, alone, at the side of alivenesss passage in the end. He must have looked like a trollop on sunday morning. As Everyman faces each friend and companion leaving him, he calls, utilize his Verizon phone, on one of his last resorts as a friend, Good works. Good Deeds is very physically weak, like a tweeker, because Everyman has not done many good deeds in his life time. She is the equivilant to a crack whore. Good Deeds asks her sister, fellowship, to go with Everyman as he travels.Knowledge, as the name suggests, is smart and wise in the ways of the world, For snizzle. Knowledge takes Everyman to Confession, in a Catholic like ritual, not that I am a fan of Catholic rituals after watching Stigmata on videodisc or anything.. After regaining some strength, maybe they used human growth hormones. Good Deeds joins Everyman on his journey, they share a doobie and base on balls on. Everyman arrives at his expiry, the grave. he shit his pants after he baffled his friends, Wits, Beauty and Strength, he only can take Good Deeds with him to heaven.He realizes all that money he spent on acquiring high on life was a total waste of money. At the end of the play, the character of the Doctor (may be a proctologist) comes into the frey, he gives advice to the sense of hearing, a final closing comment to be taken to heart, Take it of worth, offspring and old, and forsake pride for it deceiveth you in the end, and remember Beauty, Five Wits, Strength and Discression snizzle my nizzle. They all at the last do everyman forsake, save for his good deeds in that location doth he take. (Anonymous, 902-906). Everyman 4. The actors perception of an inevitable death.The creator, anonymous, as he or she may be, has been lost in time. So they dont get any credit for all the t ime they spent compose this crappy play. He, or she, uses great and wise insight in using his characters names to show the reader, or viewer of the play, that Everyman is subject to death just like anyone else. As Snoop Dog says, Wez all gotta die, suckers. The author makes the audience understand that any human is not able to escape death no matter how hard they savour, or how much money they have in the bank.The author does a fine job using course to portraying Death as being an understanding, patient character, although Death should have been a creature from Aliens, that would have made the play more interesting. The author makes his point clear that death does not spare the rich or the poor, the officer nor the gentleman, nor the wise or the foolish. The journey to death is one we go away all have to make on our own, and most likely one we will make alone, cause we cant take all this shit with us. The author puts emphasis on Everymans refusal to go to his death willingl y. Everyman was not properly prepared to go on this journey, he had yet to train an attorney.This reflects the idea that no human is given the exact time of his or her death, so we all must be ready to die at any time. We are warned to have our shit and stuff in order. All of the assorted characters in Everymans life, his so-called friends are the authors representations of characters we humans have in our lives. The author makes a pinnacle point that the character, Death, answers to Gods beckoning or his will. It is God, not Death that decides last who dies when and where its not if you get hurt, its when and how bad.Death is just the messenger, so dont go shooting the messenger. The author puts value on what happens when anyone, or Everyman, dies. The author also points out the things that everyone will leave behind, for the relatives to fight over. Courage and wisdom is used To persuade Everyman to carry on to move towards his ultimate goal of death. The author made a element ary understanding of making sure that everyone does good deeds while they have time on earth. Practicing random acts of kindness, keeping the toilet seat down, and doing good deeds will help ones case when standing before God in judgment.All throughout the play uses the now famous stages of death and denial found in the book, Psychology, By D. G. Myers. Myers defines denial as, A refutal mechanism by which people refuse to believe or raze to perceive painful realities. (Myers pp. 558). Everyman has to come to terms with his own impending death. The author gives Everyman Knowledge as a companion for his death tour. This helped Everyman look a death a little differently, and helped him face up to his death, and to the truth about his fading group of friends, his gang sucked for sure.The author puts importance on Everymans act of confession and penance, and gives him credit for not wearing Ax deodourant spray cause that crap stinks. The character, Good Deeds, once sick and weak, app arantly addict to meth or crack, becomes stronger in time after a stretching in rehab. The author made his point that one cannot get into heaven by doing good deeds alone, but by accepting saviour Christ as savior, or whatever god is hip at the time, with saving grace paying for ones way into heaven.On critic and author stated about the plays end, Good Deeds helplessness demonstrates that Everymans the character good works cannot merit salvation when he is disgraced of unforgiving mortal sin. Onlypenance will restore him to a state of grace, revive Good Deeds the character, and make Everyman ready to bring home the bacon an account of his life before God. (Paulson, 2007). Conclusion, and try not to copy my work word for word, dumbass. Everyman the morality play, once called, The Summoning of Everyman (Anonymous, 114) is a simple story about making amends in their life before its too late.Our treasures, our bling, real or imagined, here on Earth are not worth dying for. The pro mise is found in the Bible in Matthew 53, God blesses those who realize their need for him, for the kingdom of Heaven is given to them. (New International Version, Student Edition). One should try their best to live a good, holy life, have faith, worship God, dont knife your friends, and practice good deeds to be ultimately rewarded with an afterlife with God in the Heavens. And then you can party like its 1999. If you can remember that far back. Bibliography Allegory.(2010). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, sixth Edition, Retrieved June 21, 2012 from Academic Search Complete Database Dent, J. M. Everyman and Medieval Miracle Plays, (2007). C. E. Tuttle Co. Inc. Orion Publishing Group, Rutland, VT. USA. ISBN 046087280x. Gyamfi, Y. A. and Schmidt, M. R. publications and Spirituality, Everyman, (2011). By Persons Education, Glenview, IL. Myers, D. G. (2010). Psychology (9th Edition) New York, NY Worth Publishers Paulson, J. (2007). Deaths arrival and Everymans Separation. Theater Survey, 48, 121-141. Doi 10. 1017/S00407000397.

Financial Case

By choosing the correct purports to get in in, localise Corporation can continue their growth and competitiveness in the retail Indus try. Executive Summary butt was first founded in 1 962, opening their first inject in Roseville, Imines tot. The store was designed to speciate themselves from the existing upscale store sees in the bea. The companys idea flourished and by 2005, target area became a study retailing pop rouses, recording revenues of over $52 billion from stores located in 47 different states.One of the main reasons drive was able to be devolve as successful as they are, is the idea of steering o the shopping experience as a whole, and not safe focusing on meeker prices compared to thee r competitors. By embracing this idea, Target has been able to successfully attract their target d anemographic, a medaled, collateralized female, with children. In todays market, Target faces 2 main competitors Walter and woo. W exclusively Mart ope calculates their stores similar to how Targets stores are operated, and their SST ores are mostly in competing areas of another.Walter focuses on driving their prices as low a s possible, creating a very small profit moulding on their items, but makes a wide-ranging profit du to their large 1 amount of sales. Cost is a warehouse retailer that charges a rank and file f e in order to receive their discounted prices. The company relies heavily on these fees, as they ma eke up 72. 8% of operating income. Cost attracts many of the same customers Target attract s, but the companies are generally not in the same fixs.Targets Capital Expenditure Committee is do up of top executives who me et monthly to review all capital rove requests compriseing more than $100,000. This commit tee could approve any and all contrives, unless the switchs were worth more than $50 million an in this case, the project would hire approval from the board of directors. If the project involve sees openings new hole, a satis fying estate manager, located in that specific geographic area, was r expansible for the proposal and presentation Of the proposal. The committee uses different fact Ores when analyzing the capital project requests.The factors are NP and denude, the size and cost of the project, the effect this project has on other Target stores sales, store sensitivities, variance e to prototype, customer demographics, and the tinct it has on the Target defacement. By care Ely analyzing each of these factors and locations, we were able to come up with a decision for EAI chi location. Analysis and Recommendations The first project we will discuss is the Gopher Place location. The proposal is f or $23 million to build a POP Target Store. This location has a very satisfying NP and IR R in terms to the expense of the project.With the prototype NP achievable with sales of 5. 3% below R &038 P forecast, we would expect this store to be financially stable. The size of the pr Eject is reasonable, and with the strong NP and AIR the cost should be redeemed. The biggest factor against this location is the centralization of sales from preexisting Target stop rest. In this location, there are five Target stores already established and plans of two Inc miming Walter 2 Superstores. 19% of our sales are anticipate to come from existing Target stop rest in the area, not benefiting the corporation.This location has a relatively small existence, thou ugh they have been experiencing the largest state growth of the five projects. Only 12 % of the population fits our target demographic of adults with 4+ years of college education. The median salary is also on the higher(prenominal) end of the remaining projects and does not fit our target d anemographic. This location doesnt bring any new brand awareness to the Target brand and is go inning into a very crowded area of competition. The Whalen court project is by removed the most expensive project, costing $1 19. Million to build a unique, ane floor Target store. This project has a project NP of $25. 9 million and an AIR of 9. 8%. With the large amount of investment, the NP and AIR figures AR .NET necessarily that strong but are still positive and could see growth. This is by far the large SST size project, with the largest expense by far. The expense alone makes us worried about the pr Eject. There are currently 45 other stores in the area, but this store would be the only one in a n urban center off major metropolitan area.This location would not have a major collision on Sal sees from other Target stores, but could take away customers from competitors that are cure .NET in the Metropolitan area. The population of 632,000 is by far the largest population and 45% of them fit our demographic of collateralized adults. This location also brings a nun buoy queue branding and advertising advantage and the expense could be balance against the brand wariness. The Barn is a proposal for a POP store costing $13 million an d can reach its NP V with sales 18. 1% below the projected. The small investment allows for a large return run, even if sales fall below the projected.There are no other Target stores in the area and the strong population of 3 151 ,OHO people fits our target median income. This project should have been passed already if it werent for a disagreement with the developer. Soldiers Square is a project for a Supermarket costing $23. 9 million. In order t o achieve the forecasted NP and AIR of $300,000 and 8. 1 % respectively, sales would en d to be at 45. 1% above the forecasted sales level. The area is largely populated with other rate leers and currently 12 Target stores, with plans of building another 12.

India Child marriage

nipper hook up with couple in India From Wikipedia, the deliver encyclopedia mount to navigation, search Small sister brides in India infant union is a gross practice in mevery countries around the world, however it is peculiarly prevalent in India, where much than one third of all electric s producer brides live. 1 According to UNICEF, 47% of green womans argon matrimonial by 18 geezerhood of years, and 18% argon married by 15 long time of get along with. 2 These trade unions argon often performed with bulge the consent of the girls involved in the coupling. Indian law has do chela marri historic period illegal, tho it is still widely practiced crossways the nation.The highest rates atomic number 18 seen break openicularly in the rural states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. 3 It affects both boys and girls, but statistics show that girls be far more credibly to be oblige into a pincer man and wife than boys however the percent come along of girls forced into baby marriage in India has declined in recent years. M either consider baby bird marriage to be a human advanceds violation, resulting in death, health problems, p everywherety, violence, and overlook of education. Contents Definitions of tyke marriageUNICEF defines baby marriage as a globe marriage or union in the lead 18 years of age. 4 UN Women defines child marriage as a forced marriage before 18 years of age beca design they believe children under age 18 are incapable of giving their consent. 5 History of child marriage Political turbulence kid marriage, also known as Bal Vivaha, is believed to have begun during the mediaeval ages of India. At this time, the political atmosphere was turbulent and ruled by Delhi Sultans in an unquestioning monarchy government.The sultans had an extreme commitment to their religion and forced many an(prenominal) to convert, causing socio-cultural unrest, and Hindoo women suffered t he most. These days of the Delhi Sultans produced practices such as child marriage and lowered the military position of women even further. They invented the ill omen of giving parenthood to a womanish baby and believed that youngish unmarried girls ca exercised disaster. churl marriage became a widespread cultural practice with various reasons to justify it, and many marriages were performed while the girl was still an infant. 6 Military alliancesIndian feudalistic society became present, where characteristics such as honor, rivalry, and offense were important qualities to possess, and because of this, families and kingdoms created strong military alliances to preserve or destroy queen surrounded by them. To ensure the alliance was upheld by both sides, each family transfer a young member of their folk who was reared and educated at the other familys estate. The children were the assurance that the alliance between the families was honored, but in vitrine it wasnt eno ugh, the families make a marriage arrangement to deepen the alliance even further.They believed the marriage wouldnt work if they waited for the young children to grow up because they could possibly pick individual outside of the alliance. If they performed the marriage while the children were still young and susceptible to their parents influence, the children would have no choice but to get married who their parents chose to strengthen the alliance. 7 The caste tolerates The caste system is also believed to have contributed to the growth of child marriage. Castes, which are based on birth and heredity, do non allow ii people to marry if they are from different castes.This system was imperil by young peoples emotions and desires to marry outside their caste, so out of necessity, child marriage was created to ensure the caste system continued. 8 Laws against child marriage The child join Restraint Act of 1929 The kid labor union Restraint Act, also called the genus Sarda Act,9 was a law to restrict the practice of child marriage. It was enacted on April 1, 1930, lengthened across the whole nation, with the censures of the states of Jammu and Kashmir, and applied to every Indian citizen.Its goal was to pass away the dangers channelised on young girls who could non handle the stress of married life and avoid early deaths. This Act defined a phallic child as 21 years or younger, a feminine person child as 18 years or younger, and a tyke as a child of either sex 18 years or younger. The punishment for a male between 18 and 21 years marrying a child became imprisonment of up to 15 days, a fine of 1,000 rupees, or both. The punishment for a male above 21 years of age became imprisonment of up to three months and a manageable fine.The punishment for anyone who performed or directed a child marriage service became imprisonment of up to three months and a possible fine, un slight he could indicate the marriage he performed was non a child marriag e. The punishment for a parent or withstander of a child taking place in the marriage became imprisonment of up to three months or a possible fine. 10 It was am curiosityed in 1940 and 1978 to continue raising the ages of male and female children. 11 The restraint of churl jointure Act, 2006Coming into performance on noember 1, 2007, the prohibition era of electric razor nuptials Act (PCMA) was put into place to address and fix the shortcomings of the Child man and wife Restraint Act. 12 The change in name was meant to reflect the streak and prohibition of child marriage, rather than restraining it. 1314 The previous Act also do it difficult and time consuming to act against child marriages and did not concentre on authorities as possible figures for preventing the marriages. 15 This Act kept the ages of giving males and females the corresponding but make some signifi orduret changes to further cherish the children.Boys and girls forced into child marriages as milds have the option of potfulcel their marriage up to dickens years afterward reaching adulthood, and in authorized circumstances, marriages of minors ass be null and void before they reach adulthood. every last(predicate) valuables, money, and gifts moldiness be returned if the marriage is nullified, and the girl must be provided with a place of residency until she marries or becomes an adult. Children born from child marriages are considered legitimate, and the courts are expected to give parental custody with the childrens topper interests in mind.Any male over 18 years of age who enters into a marriage with a minor or anyone who directs or conducts a child marriage ceremony can be punished with up to 2 years of imprisonment or a fine. 16 &8212 Latest Judgment infra banning of Child Marriage Act, 2006 &8212 It has been held by the Delhi High apostrophize that bulwark of Child Marriage Act, 2006 overrides all face-to-face laws and governs each and every citizen of India 2 012 Volume none 3 JCC Journal of felon Cases Page No. 148 IN The High Court of Delhi Honble The playacting Chief Justice Honble Mr. Justice Sanjiv Khanna Honble Mr. Justice V. K. Shali Date of Judgment twenty-seventh July, 2012 Court on Its Own Motion Lajja Devi Vs. State W. P. Crl. No. 338 of 2008 &8212 Smt. Laxmi Devi & adenosine monophosphate Anr. Vs. State GNCT of Delhi & ampere Others Cril. M. C. No. 100/2011 and Crl. M. A. No. 3737 of 2011 Maha Dev Vs. State GNCT of Delhi & Anr. W. P. Crl. No. 821 of 2008 and Crl. M. A. No. 8765 of 2008 &8212 Devender Babli Vs. State GNCT of Delhi & Anr. W. P. Crl. No. 66 of 2010 &8212 Hindi Marriage Act, 1955 and Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 section 2a Issue for comity i What is the status of marriage under the Hindu Law when one of the parties to the marriage is infra the age of 18 years prescribed under prick 5 iii of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and sectionalisation 2 a of the Prohibition of Chil d Marriage Act, 2006, and ii When the girl is minor but the boy has attained the age of marriage as prescribed whether the husband can be regarded as the lawful guardian of the minor wife and claim her custody in spite of debate and claim by the parents of the girl what is the effect of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. &8212 Held The object behind enacting the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 was to curb the expose of Child Marriage, which is still prevalent in this country and is most common in rural areas Child Marriage is such a sociable evil which has the potentialities of dangers to the life and health of a female child and plays massacre in their lives, who cannot withstand the stress and strains of married life and it leads to early deaths of such minor mothers It also reflects the chauvinistic attribute of the Indian Society- Even after the passing of the new Act i. e. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, certain loopholes still remain, the legisla tions are weak as they do not in truth prohibit child marriage . It can be said that though the practice of child marriage has been discouraged by the legislations but it has not been completely banned Having regard to the legal/statutory position that stands as of now leaves us to answer first part of question No. by concluding that the marriage contracted with a female of little than 18 years of a male of less(prenominal) than 21 years of age would not be a void marriage but revokable one, which would become sensible if no steps are interpreted by such court has options to order otherwise paras 1,25,26,35,40 Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 Section 3 The girl, if mature, cannot and should be denied her freedom and other wishes should not get negated as of she has no voice and her wishes are of no consequences The Court while deciding, should also keep in mind that such marriages are voidable and the girl has the right to set about the Court under Section 3 of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 to get the marriage state void till she attains the age of 20 years. paratrooper 48 Indian Penal cipher, 1860 Section 375 & 376 In case the girl is below 16 years, the answer is obvious that the consent does not matter offence under Section 376 Indian Penal command is do out The charge sheet cannot be quashed on the ground that she was a consenting party However, there can be special or especial(a) circumstances which may require consideration, in cases where the girl even after attaining legal age affirms and reiterates her consent. space-reflection symmetry 49 &8212 Indian Penal Code, 1860 section 375 Consummation, with the wife below the age of 15 years of age, is an offence under Section 375 No exception can be made to the said constitutional mandate and the resembling has to be strictly and diligently enforce Consent is such case is completely impartial, for consent at such a young age is difficult to conceive and accept It makes no difference whether the girl is married or not Personal law applicable to the parties is also immaterial. Para 50 &8212 Indian Penal code, 1860 Section 375 & 376 Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 Section 3 If the girl is more than 16 years, and the girl makes a statement that she went with her consent and that statement and consent is without any force, obsession or undue influence, the statement could be accepted and the court entrust be within its power to quash the proceedings under Sections 363 or 376 Indian Penal Code, 1860 Here again no straight pennant formulae can be applied The court has to be cautious, for the girl has right to get marriage nullified under Section 3 of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 Attending circumstances including the maturity and understanding of the girl, friendly background of girl, age of the girl and boy etc. have to be taken into consideration. Para 51 Indian Penal Code, 1860 Section 363/366/ 376/465/467/494/497/120-B/506 Indian Penal Code Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006- Section 3 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Section 482 As per the ossification test, the girl/petitioner No. 1 was found between 17-19 years of age As per the school go away certificate, she was 17 years of age on the date when the parties solemnised marriage Since she has given over the statement that she married of her own accord to the petitioner no. and was more than 16 years of age, FIR under sections 363/366/376/465/467/494/497/120-B/506 Indian Penal Code registered against the petitioner no. 2 is quashed. &8212 Marriage and Guardianship In this judicial judicial writ petition, the question is provided of validity of marriage and guardianship Even if the age of the girl is taken as 15 years of age at the time of incident i. e. 27. 10. 2006, she would be 21 years of age as of now she has not filed any proceedings for declaring the marriage as void. Therefore, the marriage becom es valid now The question of guardianship does not arise at this stage as she is major and during the period she was minor she resided at Nirmal Chhaya- Thus, the writ petition is disposed of in the above said terms. &8212 Held As per the facts far-famed in Para 10 above, Shivani Deepika at the time of her marriage was less than 16 years of age, her date of birth creation 3. 6. 1994 It was directed that she would remain at Nirmal Chhaya However, as the per the aforesaid date of birth i. e. 3. 6. 1994, she has attained majority on 3. 6. 2012 The petition was filed by Sh. Devender Kumar who married her habeas corpus was claiming her custody. She has attained majority, she is free to go anywhere with these directions, this petition stands disposed of. Para 56,57 & 58 &8212 Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 which now stands repealed by Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. Para 16 Thus, irrespective of personal laws under Act child marriages are prohibited. By declari ng that the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 shall apply to all citizens, the parliament has think to allow the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 to override the provisions of Hindu Marriage Act to the extent of inconsistencies between these two enactments. Similarly, Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 will override the personal law. Para 20 Thus, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, being a special law, will have overriding effect over the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 to the extent of any inconsistency between the two enactments.For this reason, the court took the view that Section 3 of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 would have overriding effect over the Hindu Marriage Act and the marriage with a minor child would not be valid but voidable and would become valid if within two years from the date of attaining 18 years in the case of female and 21 years in the case of male, a petition is not filed before the District Court under section 3 1 of the Pro hibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 for annulling the marriage. Similarly, after attaining eighteen years of age in the case of female, or twenty one years of age in the case of a male, the marriage shall become a full-fledged valid marriage. Until such an event of acceptance of the marriage or lapse of demarcation period, the marriage shall continue to remain as a voidable marriage. Para 21 If the marriage is annulled as per Section 31 of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, the same shall take effect from the date of marriage and, in such an event, in the eye of law there shall be no marriage at all between the parties at any point of time. Para 22 Stronger punishments for offences under Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 have been prescribed and that the offences have also been made cognizable and non-bailable but, this does not in any event have any impact on the validity of the child marriage. &8212 It has made a specialised provision for void marriages under certain circumstances but did not render all child marriages void. Para 23 &8212 Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 as noticed above is a secular law and is a last mentioned enactment, which specifically deals with the problem of child marriages. Religion of the contracting party does not matter.Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 being a Special Act and being a subsequent legislation, to this extent and in case there is any conflict, will override the provisions of Hindu marriage Act or for that matter nay personal law. Para 30 &8212 Registration of marriage has still not been made compulsory. Compulsory enrollment mandates that the age of the girl and the boy get married have to be mentioned. If implemented properly, it would discourage parents from marrying off their minor children since a written document of their ages would prove the illegality of such marriages. This would probably be able to tackle the sensitive issue of minor marriages upheld by personal laws. Pa ra 38 &8212- The marriage contracted with a female of less than 18 years or a male of less than 21 years would not be a void marriage but voidable one, which would become valid if no steps are taken by such Child within the meaning of Section 2a of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 under Section 3 of the said Act seeking declaration of this marriage as void. Para 40. CEDAW The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, commonly known as CEDAW, is an international bill attempting to end discrimination against women. Article 16, Marriage and Family Life, states that all women, as well as men, have the right to choose their spouse, to have the same responsibilities, and to decide on how many children and the spacing between them. This convention states that child marriage should not have a legal effect, all action must be taken to enforce a minimum age, and that all marriages must be put into an official registry. 17 India signed the conventio n on July 30, 1980 but made the declaration that, because of the nations size and amount of people, its impractical to have a registration of marriages. 18 Why parents choose child marriage Parents of a child come in into a child marriage are often poor and use the marriage as a way to make her future better, especially in areas with little economic opportunities. During times of war, parents will often marry off their young child to protect her from the conflicts raging around her. most families still use child marriage to build alliances, as they did during the medieval ages. Statistically, a girl in a child marriage has less of a chance to go to school, and parents think education will break her ability to be a traditional wife and mother.Virginity is an important part of Indian culture, and parents want to ensure their daughters do not have pre-marital sex, and child marriage is an easy way to fix this. 19 Consequences of child marriage earliest maternal deaths Roza Olyai, a n Indian gynecologist and the National Chairperson for the Adolescent health Committee of the Federation of the Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India said, Early marriage has many medical risks. The reproductive organs are not fully developed. The personate is not ready. Teenage mothers, especially those below 18 years, risk hypertensive disorder, eclampsia, pre-eclampsia, and post-partum hemorrhage. 20Girls who marry earlier in life are less seeming to be informed about reproductive issues,21 and because of this, pregnancy-related deaths are known to be the leading cause of mortality among married girls between 15 and 19 years of age. 22 These girls are twice more likely to die in childbirth than girls between 20 and 24 years of age. 23 Girls younger than 15 years of age are 5 times more likely to die in childbirth. 2425 HIV and AIDS Girls entering into a child marriage are sometimes significantly younger than their husbands, who can be more familiarly experienced. Mar rying young and being sexually active can increase a girls chance of becoming HIV-positive by more than 75%. 26 Infant healthInfants born to mothers under the age of 18 are 60% more likely to die in their first year than to mothers over the age of 19. If the children survive, they are more likely to suffer from low birth weight, malnutrition, and late physical and cognitive development. 2728 Fertility outcomes A study conducted in India by the supranational Institute for Population Sciences and Macro International in 2005 and 2006 showed high fertility, low fertility control, and poor fertility outcomes data within child marriages. 90. 8% of young married women reported no use of a contraceptive prior to having their first child. 23. 9% reported having a child within the first year of marriage. 17. % reported having three or more children over the racecourse of the marriage. 23% reported a fast repeat childbirth, and 15. 2% reported an unwanted pregnancy. 15. 3% reported a pregna ncy termination (stillbirths, miscarriages or abortions). 29 Fertility rates are higher(prenominal) in slums than in urban areas. 30 Lack of education and poverty Marrying young is often associated with a lack of education and higher rates of poverty. Because of household responsibilities, pregnancy, and child rearing, young girls do not have access to instruction and income opportunities. 31 Violence Young girls in a child marriage are more likely to experience domestic violence in their marriages as opposed to older women.A study conducted in India by the International focus on for Research on Women showed that girls married before 18 years of age are twice as likely to be beaten, slapped, or threatened by their husbands32 and three times more likely to experience sexual violence. 33 Young brides often show symptoms of sexual abuse and post-traumatic stress. 34 Prevention programs in India Apni Beti, Apna Dhan (ABAD), which translates to Our Daughter, Our Wealth, is one of India s first conditional change transfer programs dedicated to delaying young marriages across the nation. In 1994, the Indian government implemented this program in the state of Haryana.On the birth of a mothers first, second, or third child, they are stick to receive 500 rupees, or 11 USD, within the first 15 days to cover their post-delivery needs. Along with this, the government gives 2,500 rupees, or 55 USD, to institutionalize in a long-term savings bond in the daughters name, which can be later cashed for 25,000 rupees, or 550 USD, after her 18 birthday. She can only receive the money if she is not married. Anju Malhotra, an expert on child marriage and adolescent girls said of this program, No other conditional cash transfer has this focus of delaying marriage Its an incentive to encourage parents to value their daughters. 35The International Center for Research on Women will evaluate Apni Beti, Apna Dhan over the course of the year 2012, when the programs initial participants turn 18, to see if the program, particularly the cash incentive, has prompt parents to delay their daughters marriages. We have evidence that conditional cash transfer programs are very effective in keeping girls in school and acquire them immunized, but we dont yet have proof that this dodge works for preventing marriage, said Pranita Achyut, the program manager for Apni Beti, Apna Dhan. If Haryana states approach proves to be valuable, it could potentially be scaled up to make a significant difference in many more girls lives and not only in India. 36